Objectives: To assess epidemiologic characteristics of penile cancer in Brazil. Materials and Methods: From May 2006 to June 2007, a questionnaire was distributed to all Brazilian urologists. Their patients' clinical and epidemiological data was analyzed (age, race, place of residence, history of sexually transmitted diseases, tobacco smoking, performance of circumcision, type of hospital service), as well as the time between the appearance of the symptoms and the diagnosis, the pathological characteristics of the tumor (histological type, degree, localization and size of lesion, stage of disease), the type of treatment performed and the present state of the patient. Results: 283 new cases of penile cancer in Brazil were recorded. The majority of these cases occurred in the north and northeast (53.02%) and southeast (45.54%) regions. The majority of patients (224, or 78.96%) were more than 46 years of age while only 21 patients (7.41%) were less than 35 years of age. Of the 283 patients presenting penile cancer, 171 (60.42%) had phimosis with the consequent impossibility to expose the glans. A prior medical history positive for HPV infection was reported in 18 of the 283 cases (6.36%). In 101 patients (35.68%) tobacco smoking was reported. The vast majority of the cases (n = 207; 73.14%) presented with tumors localized in the glans and prepuce. In 48 cases (16.96%) the tumor affected the glans, the prepuce and the corpus penis; in 28 cases (9.89%) the tumor affected the entire penis. The majority of the patients (n = 123; 75.26%) presented with T1 or T2; only 9 patients (3.18%) presented with T4 disease. Conclusion: Penile cancer is a very frequent pathology in Brazil, predominantly affecting low income, white, uncircumcised patients, living in the north and northeast regions of the country.

Although the results of renal and intrarenal anatomy in pigs could not be completely transposed to humans, many similarities in the pig and human intrarenal arteries support its use as the best animal model for urological procedures.

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Penile fracture is an entity of eminently clinical diagnosis, which management should be surgical and immediate, avoiding thus complications related to erectile dysfunction. When suspecting an associated urethral injury, Urethrocystogram is recommended. In cases where there is diagnostic uncertainty, ultrasound and/or MRI may be used to reveal the condition.

We present detailed anatomic findings on collecting system anatomy and renal morphometry in the pig and compare these findings with previous findings in humans. We studied three-dimensional polyester resin corrosion endocasts of the pelviocaliceal system obtained from 100 kidneys (50 pigs). Eighty kidneys were evaluated morphometrically, considering length, cranial pole width, caudal pole width, thickness, and weight. The pig collecting system was classified into two major groups (A and B). Group A (40%) was composed of kidneys in which the mid-zone is drained by calices dependent on the cranial or the caudal caliceal group or both. Group B (60%) kidneys have the mid-zone drained by calices independent of the polar groups. Group B includes two subtypes (B-I and B-II). The pig collecting system showed only angles smaller than 90 degrees between the caudal (lower) infundibulum and the renal pelvis. Renal morphometric measurements revealed the following means: length 11.8 cm, cranial pole width 5.64 cm, caudal pole width 5.35 cm, thickness 2.76 cm, and weight 98 g. As in human kidneys, one may group the pig collecting system into two groups. Nevertheless, in pigs, we did not find a subdivision of Group A. The incidence of collecting systems in Groups A and B and the subtypes of Group B in pigs are different from those in humans. Also different from humans, in pigs, we found only angles smaller than 90 degrees between the caudal (lower) infundibulum and the renal pelvis. Except for the length, the means of the other morphometric measurements of the pig kidney are smaller than those of humans. From an anatomic standpoint, despite the differences pointed out, we conclude that the pig kidney is a good animal model for endourologic research and training.