Fatty acids (FAs) of milk fat are considered to be important nutritional components of the diets of a significant portion of the human population and substantially affect human health. With regard to dairy farming, the FA profile is also seen as an important factor in the technological quality of raw milk. In this sense, making targeted modifications to the FA profile has the potential to significantly contribute to the production of dairy products with higher added value. Thus, FAs also have economic importance. Current developments in analytical methods and their increasing efficiency enable the study of FA profiles not only for scientific purposes but also in terms of practical technological applications. It is important to study the sources of variability of FAs in milk, which include population genetics, type of farming, and targeted animal nutrition. It is equally important to study the health and technological impacts of FAs. This review summarizes current knowledge in the field regarding sources of FA variability, including the impact of factors such as: animal nutrition, seasonal feed changes, type of animal farming (conventional and organic), genetic parameters (influence of breed), animal individuality, lactation, and milk yield. Potential practical applications (to improve food technology and consumer health) of FA profile information are also reviewed.

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a disease which causes considerable economic losses to producers of livestock, particularly dairy cows. Nowadays PTB is one of the most prevailing and costly infectious diseases of dairy cattle. The purpose of the present study was to review economic losses, which may be caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) above all in herds of dairy cattle. The most important losses caused by the presence of clinically ill animals have been thoroughly described: loss of milk production and poor body condition followed by death or culling. In contrast, losses arising from a subclinical disease have not been well documented and contradictory results have been published to date. The calculation of losses caused by PTB depends to a certain degree on the production system in a herd, efficiency level, herd management system and other factors. Direct economic losses are above all caused by decreased milk production concurrent to increased incidence of mastitis, changes in milk parameters and increased somatic cell counts, reproductive dysfunctions, poor feed conversion, shortened production age and increased predisposition to other diseases etc. Indirect economic losses are caused by premature culling of animals and their unrealized future income, expenses for nonactive production, herd replacement, diagnostic testing, "unnecessary" veterinary care and establishing disease control programmes. Genetic value of animals and their progeny is lost. Last but not least, the reputation of the farm where MAP infected animals are kept is lost for a long-time, which is also important.Keywords: Johne's disease; MAP; dairy cattle; economic losses; Crohn's disease; IS900 List of abbreviations: AGIDT = agar gel immunodiffusion test; BVD = bovine viral diarrhoea; CFT = complement fixation test; EBL = enzootic bovine leucosis; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GBP = Greit Britain Pound; IBR = infection bovine rhinotracheitis; LA% = lactation percentage; LAM = Lipoarabinomannan; MAP = Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; ME = mature equivalent; NEB = negative energy balance; NOK = Norwegian Crown; PTB = paratuberculosis; SCC = somatic cell count; USD = United States Dollars; USDA = United States

Mechanically separated fish meat (MSFM) can be used for the manufacturing of ready-to-eat products, such as sausages; however, it is highly perishable. Several plant by-products, including onion peel, which is rich in polyphenol antioxidants, can be added to food to extend shelf life. This study investigated the effects of the addition of onion peel powder (OPP) to sausage made from MSFM. Sausages were divided into four groups with different amounts of added OPP: 0% (control), 1%, 2%, and 3%. Cooked sausages were stored for 28 days at 5 °C. Samples were analyzed for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, pH, and organoleptic properties. The addition of OPP significantly increased antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content and decreased pH, indicating acidic nature of OPP. Polyphenols from OPP effectively suppressed lipid oxidation. A 1–2% addition of OPP enhanced sensory properties. After the 28-day storage, the control samples received the lowest sensory score, due to the presence of a strong fishy odor, which was not present in samples with OPP. HPLC–MS/MS analysis revealed that quercetin is the most dominant compound in OPP. Overall, the results indicate that the addition of OPP in amounts of 1–2% can extend shelf life, without the deterioration of sensory properties.

ABSTRACT:The contribution demonstrates gynaecomastia in an adult, noncastrated tom-cat, caused by an antiandrogenic preparation Androcur tablets (Schering AG, BRD), administrated at the dose of 5 mg/day for one week. Two months after the treatment, the enlargement of all mammary glands was apparent and one month later (i.e. three months after the end of drug administration) the mammary chains reached the size of 30 × 15 × 20 cm. The general health state of the animal was altered due to the conspicuous enlargement and inflammation of mammary glands. Radical mastectomy was done under general anaesthesia using Isoflurane Rhone-Poulenc inh. The weight of the extirpated mammary chains was 1.75 kg. The healing of operative wounds and convalescence occurred without complications. Fibroepithelial hyperplasia of mammary glands was diagnosed histologically.

The objectives of this study were to investigate <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp.<i> paratuberculosis</i> (<i>MAP</i>) distribution in various tissues, in faeces and in milk samples from 131 animals originating from one imported Jersey cattle herd from Denmark. <i>MAP</i> was detected by culture in 37.4% animals. Massive <i>MAP</i> growth was most often observed in the small intestines (48 animals). The lowest levels of <i>MAP</i> were found in spleen and mammary gland samples. <i>MAP</i> was detected in the faeces of 8.4% animals; however, milk samples were <i>MAP</i> negative by culture. The highest prevalence of <i>MAP</i> infection (42.9%) was in age Group B (1.6 to 3 years) and the lowest (6.1%) in group D (more than 8 years). Seven positive calves were detected in the youngest age group; one of them was less than one month of age, which could imply an intrauterine infection. <i>MAP</i> shedding in faeces by a five-month-old calf was also confirmed. The IS<i>900</i> RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) type B-C1 was identified in all animals.