Parasitic infections may damage various ocular tissues, thereby causing visual dysfunction. In 1950, Wilder described the first case in which larval forms of nematodal intestinal roundworms (Ascaridoidea: Ascaris, Toxocara, Ancylostoma, Necator, and Strongyloides) were implicated as a cause of intraocular disease. This review focuses on two disorders associated with parasitic infections: ocular toxocariasis and diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis.

Angiogenesis is a common factor in the pathogenesis of cancer and in exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, angiogenesis inhibition has been developed as a therapeutic strategy. We report 2 cases of recurrent exudative AMD in which oral sorafenib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for cancer, was added to intravitreal ranibizumab, an antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor. These 2 patients were followed up by determination of visual acuity, fluorescein angiography, fundoscopy, and optical coherence tomography. The visual acuity of 1 patient improved from 20/70 to 20/60 while he was receiving sorafenib therapy; that of the other did not. Marked improvement was noted in both patients on optical coherence tomography. Additionally, both patients appeared to receive some benefit when low-dose oral sorafenib was used as monotherapy after its initial addition to ranibizumab therapy. Randomized trials of adding sorafenib to standard therapy for patients with neovascular AMD should be considered.

Amelanotic choroidal metastases with hyperpigmentation are associated with increased FAF in most cases. Subretinal fluid overlying choroidal metastases may cause FAF as well.

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