Introduction: Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) expression has appeared to impact prostate cancer advancement significantly. This study aims to compare the expression of ESR-1 in BPH and prostate cancer. Methods: The samples were collected from a single-center hospital from 2014 to 2020. We exclude samples in which RNA concentration is under the minimum standard allowance to proceed. Deparaffinize formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and RNAs extraction by manufacturer’s protocol with slight modification was performed. The RNA expression was investigated by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We categorized into Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH), Non-Metastatic Prostate Cancer (Non-MPCa) and Metastatic Prostate Cancer (MPCa) groups. The One Way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Result: The 40 samples included 15 BPH, 6 non-metastatic prostate cancer, 19 metastatic prostate cancer. Expression of ESR1 in BPH (6.9 ± 3.8) compared to expression of ESR1 in MPCa (12.7 ± 9.5), and Non-MPCa (2.6 ± 1.0) shows a significant difference. Expression of ESR1 in Non-MPCa compared to MPCa also indicates a significant difference in which expression MPCa shows an increased level of ESR1 expression. Conclusion: This study shows that ESR 1 has significant expression differences in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, non-Metastatic Prostate Cancer, and Metastatic Prostate Cancer. The highest ESR1 expression is found in Metastatic Prostate Cancer. In conclusion, higher ESR1 expression is related to metastatic prostate cancer.

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Introduction : This study aims to investigate the relationship between IL-4 expression with Apoptosis-associated gene receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4) and Programmed Death-1 Ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) in the microenvironment of prostate cancer tissue.Methods : The samples were collected from single-center hospital in a period from 2014 to 2020. Deparaffinize formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and RNAs extraction by manufacturer’s protocol with slight modification was performed. The RNAs expressions were investigated by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Then we categorize them into 4 groups. The ANOVA test is used to compare mean expression between groups and followed by a correlation test using Pearson test.Result : In the BPH group sample, CTLA-4 had the highest expression level, followed by the expression of IL-4, PD-L2, then PD-1 and PD-L1. The concentration of IL-4 in prostate cancer, both metastatic and non-metastatic, is higher than in BPH, with a p-value of 0.006. the correlation between IL-4 and PD-L1 is the strongest (r=0.919), between IL-4 and PD-L2 comes the second (0.832) and between PD-1 is comes the third (r=0.626).Conclusion : In this study, we find that the expression of IL-4 and Apoptosis-Associated Gene Receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4) and Programmed Death-1 Ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) in the prostate cancer tissue microenvironment have a significant relationship. In conclusion, it is possible that IL-4 is a promoter of the Immune Escape mechanism in prostate cancer.

Objective: This study aimed to compare PSMA expression in both prostate cancer and benign prostate disease. Material & Methods: PSMA antigen expression was examined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), twenty samples from each prostate cancer and benign prostate group were examined at the Department of Pathology Anatomy, Sardjito General Hospital. The data was analyzed using version 21 of SPSS.  Results: The mean PSMA gene expression in benign groups was 13.49 [95% CI: 11.27 – 15.72] and the mean PSMA gene expression in the malignant group was: 25.14 [95% CI: 20.95-29.33], the p-value was <0.01. Using an independent T-test analysis, we found that the increase in PSMA gene expression in the prostate cancer group was statistically significant. Conclusion: The expression of the PSMA gene was correlated with prostate cancer. Increased PSMA gene expression in prostate tissue could be used as a biomarker to diagnose prostate cancer.