Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1984, 23, 629-634 629 cyclo[2.2.2]octane, 1449-91-8; trans-2-chloro-5-(chloromethyl)-5methyl-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 21071-81-8; cis-2-methoxy-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 28097-12-3; trans-2-methoxy-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-27-3; cis-2-hydroxy-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-29-5; cis-2-phenoxy-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-30-8; trans-2-phenoxy-5-(chloromethyl)-5methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36895-18-8; cis-2-(4methoxyphenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-31-9; trans-2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-32-0; cis-2-(4-methylphenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-33-1; trans-2-(4methylphenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-34-2; cis-2-(4-bromophenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosporinane, 36912-35-3; trans-2-(4-bromophenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-36-4; cis-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-37-5; trans-2-(4-nitrophenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-38-6; cis-2-(2,4dinitrophenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-39-7; trans-2-(2,4-dinitrophenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-40-0; cis-2-benzoyloxy-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphosphorinane, 36912-41-1; trans-2-benzoyloxy-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-42-2; cis-2-thiophenoxy-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-43-3; trans-2-thiophenoxy-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-l,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 36912-44-4; cis-2-(pentylamino)-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 92366-30-8; trans-2-(pentylamino)-5-(chloromethyl)-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 92366-31-9; trans-2-(4-acetylphenoxy)-5-(chloromethyl)-5methyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane, 92366-32-0. Literature Cited Bauman, M.; Wadsworth, W. S., Jr. J . Am. Chem. SOC. 1978, 100, 6380. Gillespie, P.; Ramirez, F.; Ugi, 1.; Marquarding, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1973, 12, 91. Rajan, S.; Kang, S.; Gutowsky, H.; Oidfield, E. J . 8/01,

Abstract:We analyzed glacier snout fluctuation data in Piedmont and Val d'Aosta (Italy) and studied the impact of climate variability on valley glaciers in the western Italian Alps. The study period covered about 70 years in the 20th century; we focused on the last 50 years where a large number of temperature and precipitation time series are available. Superposed onto a general recession trend, we detected strong oscillations on shorter time scales and we showed that they are significantly correlated with fluctuations in winter precipitation rates and average summer temperatures. On the basis of these results, we constructed a simple lagged-linear empirical stochastic model that explained upto 66% of the variance of the snout fluctuation data. The model produces reliable out-of-sample predictions of the impact of climate variability on the glaciers of the western Alps and it can be used to estimate the average response of Alpine glaciers to different scenarios of climate change, provided the morphology of the individual glaciers does not change completely.

synopsisRing-opening polymerizations of cycloolefins under low strain induced by tungsten based Ziegler-Natta catalysts were previously shown to proceed via metathesis. Now, these investigations have been extended to highly strained four-membered rings and to molybdenum-, titanium-, and ruthenium-based ring-opening catalysts. Ozonolysis of 1 [ W ] cyclobutene-3-methylcyclobutene copolymers confirmed the general validity of the metathesis mechanism.

We have studied the internal climate of the Borna Maggiore di Pugnetto (Western Alps), starting from the survey of geological structure, of geomorphology and of vertical distance between cave floor and topographic surface. Then we studied the variations in temperature in the soil and in the air; the distribution of temperature and humidity in soil and air on four days that representing the four seasons. According the geomorphic data, the Borna is a through cave (hydro-geological tunnel). Three major heat sources regulate the thermal dynamics of the cave. In a branch enters water relatively warm, which is the main responsible for the distribution of temperature in this part of the cave. The entrance (at the opposite side of the cave) puts in communication the cave with the outer atmosphere, causing temperature changes, more and more attenuated inwards. Thermal imbalance between cave's ends probably causes the air circulation, which tends to homogenize the temperature of the air and soil, especially in the innermost part of the cave. The drip water is the third heat source: after the rains, causes sudden changes in temperature since October until June, after the starting of period of water surplus. The thermal dynamic of the cave makes almost constant temperatures, and divides the inner atmosphere in thermic zones, such as cold depressions, areas with constantly mild temperature, and traps to the warm air. This, combined with the constant temperature difference between air, walls and floor of the cave, creates many adjacent microhabitats. This factor, together at the proximity to glaciers in past, explains the great biodiversity of the cave.