On 6 August 2010, a large (~50 Mm 3) debris avalanche occurred on the flank of Mount Meager in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Can ada. We studied the deposits to infer the morphodynamics of the landslide from initiation to emplacement. Structure from motion (SfM) photogram metry, based on oblique photos taken with a standard SLR camera during a low heli copter traverse, was used to create highresolution orthophotos and base maps. Interpretation of the images and maps allowed us to recognize two main rheological phases in the debris avalanche. Just below the source area, in the valley of Capricorn Creek, the landslide separated into two phases, one waterrich and more mobile, and the other waterpoor and less mobile. The waterrich phase spread quickly, achieved high superelevation on the val ley sides, and left distal scattered deposits. The main waterpoor phase moved more slowly, did not superelevate, and formed a thick continuous deposit (up to ~30 m) on the valley floor. The waterpoor flow deposit has structural fea tures such as hummocks, brittleductile faults, and shear zones. Our study, based on a freshly emplaced deposit, advances understanding of large mass movements by showing that a single landslide can develop multiple rheol ogy phases with different behaviors. Rheological evolution and separation of phases should always be taken into account to provide better risk assessment scenarios.

Aosta Valley (Western Alps, Italy) is the region with the largest glacierized area of Italy. Like other high mountain regions, it has shown a significant glacier retreat starting from the end of the 'Little Ice Age' that is expected to continue in the future. As a direct consequence of glacier shrinkage, glacier-bed overdeepenings become exposed, offering suitable geomorphological conditions for glacier lakes formation. In such a densely populated and developed region, opportunities and risks connected to lakes may arise: 1) economic exploitation for hydropower production, tourism and water supply; 2) environmental relevance for high mountain biodiversity and geodiversity; 3) potential risks due to outbursts and consequent floods. In this study, the locations of potential future glacier lakes over large glacierized areas (183 glaciers covering 163,1 km 2) of Aosta Valley were assessed by using the GlabTop2 model. 46 overdeepenings larger than 10,800 m 2 were identified, covering an area of 3.1 ± 0.9 km 2 and having a volume of 0.06 ± 0.02 km 3. The majority of the overdeepenings are located in the Monte Rosa-Cervino massif and a mean depth b10 m characterizes them. Moreover, an estimation of the most recent total ice volume for the Aosta Valley was provided (5.2 ± 1.6 km 3 referred to 2008). Thanks to the validation by the proposed "backward approach" and GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) data, we can confirm that the location of the overdeepenings is robust while their actual dimensions are subject to considerable uncertainties. Almost all of large lakes (area N 10,000 m 2), potentially the most dangerous, are modelled. Finally, we suggest choosing medium pixel size (about 60 m) of the DEM in order to obtain, at least, the location of the largest lakes and to avoid overestimations of ice thickness and thus a great number of false positive overdeepenings. The results presented here can be useful for understanding how the alpine environment will look in the future and can help the management of water resources and risks related to glacier lakes.

Scientific research about geological and geomorphological heritage recently proved to be the base of new opportunities for tourism. The peculiar case of urban landscape analysis offers new frontiers to the traditional urban cultural tourism. The tourism offer based on natural aspects of urban areas is described in this paper thanks to three examples of urban geotourism tools: GeoGuide Lausanne, TOURinStones and GeoGuide Rome mobile applications. Each case focuses on the transfer of geoscientific knowledge from scientific research to the "tourist" content, with the innovative support of the mobile application technology. The apps contribute to the promotion of the links between cultural and geological heritage, which is the goal of urban geotourism: to convey the message that substrate profoundly influences the culture that is established on it. The mobile application technology has many strengths for interpretation, e.g. by overlaying images or adding sounds and videos, which allow the visitors to discover landforms now covered by buildings and infrastructures; it has also technical strengths, such as looking for additional information and organizing the city visit at home or to re-experience it after the trip. The apps do not have any impact on the field, they are concise, easy to read, interactive and funny. The public understanding of science is very important, it helps enhancing the role of the researchers and the impact of their work on the society and the daily lives of citizens. In this context GeoGuide apps are useful to transfer knowledge and make it usable to people. Keywords geoheritage, urban geotourism, tourist guide, mobile application, knowledge transfer tool, urban landscapes.

In the 20th anniversary year of the European Geopark Network, and 5 years on from the receipt of the UNESCO label for the geoparks, this research focuses on geotourism contents and solutions within one of the most recently designated geoparks, admitted for membership in 2013: the Sesia Val Grande UNESCO Global Geopark (Western Italian Alps). The main aim of this paper is to corroborate the use of fieldtrips and virtual tours as resources for geotourism. The analysis is developed according to: i) geodiversity and geoheritage of the geopark territory; ii) different approaches for planning fieldtrip and virtual tours. The lists of 18 geotrails, 68 geosites and 13 off-site geoheritage elements (e.g., museums, geolabs) are provided. Then, seven trails were selected as a mirror of the geodiversity and as container of on-site and off-site geoheritage within the geopark. They were described to highlight the different approaches that were implemented for their valorization. Most of the geotrails are equipped with panels, and supported by the presence of thematic laboratories or sections in museums. A multidisciplinary approach (e.g., history, ecology) is applied to some geotrails, and a few of them are translated into virtual tours. The variety of geosciences contents of the geopark territory is hence viewed as richness, in term of high geodiversity, but also in term of diversification for its valorization.

At present, little information is available on the opportunities and challenges to recover valuable critical raw materials (CRM) and secondary raw materials (SRM) from extractive waste (EW) deposits. In this study, an integrated framework describing the key steps required to assess the viability of CRM recovery from EW deposits is presented. The framework has been tested and validated using a pilot site located in the Northern region of Lombardy, Gorno. A tiered characterisation approach was used to support the framework and obtain information on (i) the deposit features and their characteristics including geocharacterisation of the waste layers, (ii) the physicochemical properties of the waste layers, and (iii) the presence of CRM/SRM hot spots using a combination of drone technology and geographic information system (GIS) data collection. Zinc (0.65 to 19.3 wt %) and Cadmium (22-544 ppm) and to a lower extent Gallium (6.0-88.6 ppm) were the most abundant elements that could be potentially recovered from the waste rocks. Assuming that all Zn, Cd and Ga were from exploitable minerals (eg. sphalerite, calamine, etc...), there are good opportunity of significant revenues ranging between 13.4 and 63 M€ for Zn, 18.5 and 88 k€ for Cd and 132 and 530 k€ for Ga. While caution is needed in extrapolating these potential revenues, there are promising and supporting the potential economic viability of landfill mining at EW deposits.