The present study reports four new species of the Family Lumbrineridae Schmarda, 1861, three in the genus Lumbrineris de Blainville, 1828 and one in the genus Gallardoneris Carrera-Parra, 2006. The new species were found on the Portuguese continental shelf at water depths ranging from 11 to 190 m. Gallardoneris iberica sp. nov. is the first record of this genus in the Atlantic Ocean and can be distinguished from the other two known Gallardoneris species by the distribution of the composite and the simple multidentate hooded hooks and the shape of the parapodial lobes. Lumbrineris luciliae sp. nov. has an arcuate, unidentate MIII and MIV unidentate with well-developed plate, digitiform wide basally postchaetal lobes in anterior parapodia, composite multidentate hooded hooks with short blade. Furthermore, L. luciliae sp. nov. has simple multidentate hooded hooks of two sizes, preacicular hook twice as big as postacicular hook, and distally curved aciculae in median and posterior parapodia. Both Lumbrineris lusitanica sp. nov. and Lumbrineris pinaster sp. nov. are characterized by having MIII unidentate followed by a knob. However, L. lusitanica sp. nov. has digitiform wide basally postchaetal lobes in the anterior parapodia, composite multidentate hooded hooks with short blade and simple multidentate hooded hooks with short hood; while L. pinaster sp. nov. has auricular postchaetal lobes in the anterior parapodia, composite multidentate hooded hooks with long blade, and simple multidentate hooded hooks with short and long hood. A multivariate analysis was performed upon morphological characteristics and validates the separation of the four new species. A taxonomic key to lumbrinerid species from Iberian waters is included.

This study represents the first phylogenetic reconstruction of lumbrinerid genera using parsimony analyses of 38 morphological characters. Following higher-level phylogenetic analysis, Oenone (Oenonidae) was selected as outgroup. The analysis was restricted to type species for each genus, yielded 24 equally parsimonious trees, which after successive weighting were reduced to one tree (CI= 0.7396). The topology of this tree revealed the separation of the family into four main clades: 1. Lysarete, 2. Arabellonereis, 3. Scoletoma, Lumbrineris, Hilbigneris gen. nov., Kuwaita, Lumbricalus, Sergioneris gen. nov. and Eranno, and 4. Abyssoninoe, Cenogenus, Lumbrinerides, Lumbrineriopsis, Augeneria, Loboneris gen. nov., Gallardoneris gen. nov., Helmutneris gen. nov., and Gesaneris gen. nov.; the position of Ninoe is unclear. A diagnosis of each genus is provided, including the description of six new genera and three new species. A key to lumbrinerid genera is included.

The examination of sandy mud samples collected at 5-67 m depths in 2005 and 2009 on the Aegean and Levantine coasts of Turkey revealed the presence of specimens belonging to a new species of Lumbrineris (Polychaeta, Lumbrineridae), L. geldiayi. This species is mainly characterized by having maxillae III as an arcuate, unidentate plate; reddish aciculae; anterior and posterior parapodia with postchaetal lobe always longer than prechaetal lobe, median parapodia with both lobes of similar length; and composite multidentate hooded hooks with short blade and simple multidentate hooded hooks of two sizes, preacicular hooks being bigger than postacicular hooks. A key to Lumbrineris species from Mediterranean Sea is included.

Twenty-seven species of Lumbrineridae are characterized; six are described as new: Lumbrinerides uebelackerae sp. nov., Lumbrineris perkinsi sp. nov., L. salazari sp. nov., Ninoe vargasi sp. nov., N. wardae sp. nov. and Lysarete raquelae sp. nov. Twenty-one species from the Grand Caribbean region are recognized herein and characterized based upon type and non-type materials: Augeneria bidens, Eranno bilabiata comb. nov., Lumbrinerides crassicephala, L. dayi, L. jonesi, Lumbrineriopsis cf. paradoxa, Lumbrineris floridana, L. cf. latreilli, L. nonatoi, L. paucidentataNinoe nigripes, Scoletoma branchiata comb. nov., S. candida comb. nov., S. ernesti, S. robusta comb. nov., S. tenuis, S. estudinum comb. nov., S. treadwelli comb. nov., S. verrili, S. parvapedata comb. nov. and S. elongata comb. nov. A key to identify all lumbrinerid species recorded from the Grand Caribbean region is included.

Lumbrineris is restricted and redefined, and species are redescribed based upon type materials. The generic diagnostic features are chaetae of three types: simple and compound multidentate hooded hooks, and limbate chaetae; the maxillary apparatus is labidognath with five pairs of maxillae, maxillae II are as long as maxillae I with wide connecting plate slightly developed along the base of maxillae II. Lumbrineris, as herein redefined includes L. albifrons, L. amboinensis, L. aniara, L. annulata, L. californiensis, L. cingulata, L. coccinea, L. crosnieri sp. nov., L. cruzensis, L. floridana, L. futilis, L. grandis, L. higuchiae sp. nov., L. imajimai sp. nov., L. index, L. indica sp. nov., L. inflata, L. inhacea, L. japonica, L. kerguelensis, L. knoxi sp. nov., L. latreilli, L. limicola, L. magalhaensis, L. mustaquimi sp. nov., L. nasuta, L. nishii sp. nov., L. nonatoi, L. oculata, L. oxychaeta, L. pallida, L. paucidentata, L. perkinsi, L. reunionensis sp. nov., L. setosa, L. vanhoeffeni. The taxonomic status of 21 other species originally described as Lumbrineris is discussed. A key to all valid species is included.