Having long been considered the mainstay in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) diagnosis and pathogenesis, the role of eosinophils has been questioned and might be less important than previously thought. It is well known now that EoE is a Th2-mediated disease with many more disease features than eosinophilic infiltration. With more knowledge on EoE, less pronounced phenotypes or nuances of the disease have become apparent. In fact, EoE might be only the tip of the iceberg (and the most extreme phenotype) with several variant forms, at least three, lying on a disease spectrum. Although a common (food induced) pathogenesis has yet to be confirmed, gastroenterologists and allergologists should be aware of these new phenomena in order to further characterize these patients. In the following review, we discuss the pathogenesis of EoE, particularly those mechanisms beyond eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal mucosa, non-eosinophilic inflammatory cell populations, the new disease entity EoE-like disease, variant forms of EoE, and the recently coined term mast cell esophagitis.
Métabolisme et suivi thérapeutique de l'azathioprine en gastroentérologie et hépatologie L'azathioprine garde actuellement une place importante dans le traitement des maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l'intestin et de l'hépatite autoimmune. Il s'agit d'une molécule à marge thérapeutique étroite, associée à un risque de toxicité, notamment hématologique et hépatique. Son métabolisme complexe est influencé par des polymorphismes génétiques qui sont reflétés dans la variabilité interindividuelle observée dans la réponse au traitement et le profil de tolérance. Son utilisation nécessite donc une bonne connaissance de cette molécule. L'instauration du traitement se fait après un bilan préalable, puis une titration progressive des posologies, tout en surveillant étroitement les éventuelles toxicités. Le monitoring des concentrations sanguines des métabolites (notamment actifs) permet de guider l'adaptation personnalisée des posologies. Metabolism and therapeutic monitoring of azathioprine in gastroenterology and hepatologyAzathioprine keeps an important place in the treatment of inflam matory bowel disease and autoimmune hepatitis. This molecule has a narrow therapeutic margin, associated with a risk of toxicity, particularly hematological and hepatic. Its complex metabolism is subject to genetic polymorphisms that are reflected in the inter individual variability observed in the response to treatment and its tolerance profile. Hence, its use requires a good knowledge of this molecule. Treatment is initiated after a preliminary workup, followed by a progressive titration of the dosage while closely monitoring possible toxicities. Monitoring of blood levels of metabolites (including active ones) helps guide personalized dose adjustment. DES POLYMORPHISMES GÉNÉTIQUES MODULENT L'EFFICACITÉ ET LA TOLÉRANCELe niveau d'activité de l'enzyme TPMT est donc un détermi nant majeur du métabolisme de l'AZA. Cette activité varie
A practical guide to chronic inflammatory bowel diseaseInflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD develops in patients with genetic susceptibility due to an aberrant response of the intestinal immune system toward gut microbiota. The prevalence of IBD is on the rise in Switzerland, with currently 1/250 persons affected, which corres ponds to approximately 35,000 patients. Given the complexity of IBD, patients should be managed by a multidisciplinary team. This article focuses on IBD diagnosis and longterm followup.
Diagnostic différentiel et investigation de la diarrhée chroniqueLa diarrhée chronique est définie par une diminution de la consistance des selles (défaites à liquides) et par une émission de selles supérieure à 3 ×/jour pendant plus de 4 semaines. Les raisons peuvent être multiples. Quatre pathomécanismes peuvent être à l'origine de la diarrhée chronique : osmotique, sécrétoire, inflammatoire et motrice. Des chevauchements entre ces mécanismes peuvent exister. La récolte de selles pendant 72 heures permet, dans la majorité des cas, de clarifier la physiopathologie des diarrhées et donc d'identifier la cause sousjacente permettant d'effectuer des mesures diagnostiques rationnelles et de limiter les coûts. Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les principales causes de diarrhée chronique, d'énumérer les étapes diagnostiques à réaliser et de donner une ligne directrice aux cliniciens dans la pratique quotidienne. Differential diagnosis and investigation of chronic diarrheaChronic diarrhea is defined by a decrease in stool consistency and a bowel frequency of more than 3 times per day, lasting for at least 4 weeks. Multiple underlying causes may be responsible for chronic diarrhea. There are four main pathomechanisms for chronic diarrhea: osmotic diarrhea, secretory diarrhea, infectious diarrhea and bowel dysmotility. Overlaps between these mechanisms may exist. A stool collection over a 72-hour period frequently allows to classify diarrhea into one of these four entities. Such classification finally helps for the identification of underlying cause(s), thereby allowing rational diagnostic measures. It also limits the costs of diagnostic workup. This article aims to present the main causes of chronic diarrhea, the diagnostic steps to perform and to provide a guideline for clinicians in daily practice.
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