RESUMOO desempenho das empresas, contrariamente ao que prevê o modelo econômico neoclássico, apresenta grande heterogeneidade. A estratégia em especial tem-se preocupado em entender esta heterogeneidade, explicá-la e prevê-la. As diversas correntes do pensamento estratégico apresentam diferentes abordagens para isto. Uma noção fundamental neste processo é o conceito de vantagem competitiva. Este trabalho inspira-se nas análises de componentes de variância de desempenho para sugerir uma definição mais precisa de vantagem competitiva e uma métrica para medi-la e compará-la. A proposta é ilustrada com um trabalho empírico que analisa resultados de 252 empresas brasileiras entre os anos 1998 a 2001.Palavras-chaves: desempenho; heterogeneidade; vantagem competitiva; componentes de variância; Brasil. ABSTRACTOpposite to what could be expected from the neoclassical economic theory, firms' performances present a wide heterogeneity. The strategy research tradition has concerned itself with the understanding, explanation and prediction of this heterogeneity. Competitive advantage is a fundamental concept in this effort. This research draws from previous studies on performance variance components to suggest an operational definition of the competitive advantage concept and a metric to measure it. The proposal is illustrated by an empirical study on results of 252 Brazilian companies from 1998 to 2001.
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