ResumoEste artigo tem como principal objetivo fazer uma análise e discussão dos fatores que influenciam de forma direta nos custos per capita dos resíduos sólidos urbanos nas capitais brasileiras. Foram levantados dados sobre os custos com resíduos sólidos e especificado um modelo econométrico multivariado para compreender seus determinantes. Conclui-se que os custos com resíduos sólidos dependem da forma de manejo escolhida (existência da coleta seletiva), mas são fortemente influenciados pela forma de gestão assumida pelo município. Diferente, do que a literatura microeconômica neoclássica prega, no caso dos resíduos sólidos, nas capitais brasileiras, a existência do setor privado na operação dos serviços tende a trazer pressões de aumento dos custos dos serviços oferecidos maiores que quando operados pelo poder público ou de forma mista. Palavras

Vagueira Beach on the Central Portuguese coast, is known as one of the places in Europe most affected by coastal erosion. The area has suffered more than 156 meters of coastline retreat over the period 1958 to 2001. With the aim to evaluate the influence of local factors on coastal erosion, this paper assesses the anthropogenic and natural factors that are related with the retreat of the coastline, by adopting statistical correlation and regression analyses. Through the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) it was observed that local factors such as annual dredging at the Aveiro Port entrance (r = 0.93), the total length of groins in the Espinho-Vagueira section (r = 0.89), and storm events (r = 0.52) are directly related to coastline retreat in the area. A multiple linear regression model was developed in which coastline retreat is explained by these same factors over the period 1980 to 2006. With a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.91, it was observed that length of groins (significant at the 1% level), dredging of the port entrance (significant at the 5% level) and precipitation (as a proxy for storm events; significant at the 10% level) are significantly correlated with coastline retreat. Hence, it is shown that anthropogenic factors are the main drivers of coastline retreat in Vagueira Beach. This study provides an innovative approach for the assessment of coastal erosion, resulting in important information that can be used for decision-making related to coastal zone management as it allows to understand in greater detail the main drivers of coastal erosion.

Meta-analysis has increasingly been used to synthesize the ecosystem services literature, with some testing of the use of such analyses to transfer benefits. These are typically based on local primary studies. However, meta-analyses associated with ecosystem services are a potentially powerful tool for transferring benefits, especially for environmental assets for which no primary studies are available. In this study we use the Ecosystem Service Valuation Database (ESVD), which brings together 1350 value estimates from more than 320 studies around the world, to estimate meta-regression functions for provisioning, regulating & maintenance and cultural ecosystem services across 12 biomes. We tested the reliability of these meta-regression functions and found that even using variables with high explanatory power, transfer errors could still be large. We show that meta-analytic transfer performs better than simple value transfer and, in addition, that local meta-analytical transfer (i.e. based on local explanatory variable values) provides more reliable estimates than global meta-analytical transfer (i.e. based on mean global explanatory variable values). Thus, we conclude that when taking into account the characteristics of the study area under analysis, including explanatory variables such as income, population density and protection status, we can determine the value of ecosystem services with greater accuracy.

RESUMO: O trabalho buscou analisar a viabilidade na aplicação da cobrança pelo uso da água na bacia do rio Formoso, localizada no Tocantins, avaliandoa capacidade de pagamento dos usuários agrícolas (irrigantes), responsáveis por mais de 97% do consumo de água,ondese aplicou o método residual, e alcançou-se o valor de 0,0067 R$/m³ de água. Dentre os instrumentos da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, alémda cobrança, está o plano de bacia, que determina as ações e programas a serem realizados, na busca em delimitar o preço da água necessário para implantar as ações do plano de bacia, criaram-se cenários de financiamento e observou-se a viabilidade da cobrança quando 25% dos custos para implantação dos projetos do plano de bacia vêm dos usuários, cobrando em média 0,0036 R$/m³, ou seja, metade da capacidade de pagamento do produtor agrícola, de forma que não comprometa todo seu lucro. ABSTRACT:The study aimed to analyze the feasibility of applying a method for water use charges in the Formoso river basin, located in the state of Tocantins, assessing the agricultural users' (irrigators) capacity to pay. These users account for over 97% of water consumption. The residual method was applied and reached the value of 0.0067 R$/ m³ of water. Among the instruments of the National Water Resources Policy, besides charging, is the basin plan, which determines the actions and programs to be carried out to define the price of water needed to implement the actions of the basin plan. Scenarios were created for funding and the feasibility of charging when 25% of the costs for basin plan project implementation come from users, charging an average of 0.0036 R$/ m³, in other words, half of the farmers' payment capacity so that all their profits will not be compromised.