Efforts to build a universal theory of the world's business systems require empirical grounding in an understanding of the variety that need explaining. To support such theorizing, we analyzed the institutional structures of 61 major economies, accounting for 93.5% of 2013 world GDP at purchasing power parity. We found nine main types of business systems: Highly Coordinated, Coordinated Market, Liberal Market, European Peripheral, Advanced Emerging, Advanced City, Arab Oil-Based, Emerging, and Socialist Economies. Our findings illustrate the need to go beyond the Varieties of Capitalism and Business Systems frameworks; provide empirical support for the CME versus LME dichotomy for part of the OECD; identify some of the business systems proposed recently as sub-types of larger clusters; indicate that institutional diversity may increase with development level; and cast doubt on the notions of state-led and family-led capitalism as types of business systems. Our discussion further suggests numerous avenues for theory development and empirical research.

We draw on the socioemotional wealth perspective to examine the influence of family ownership on firms’ noncompliance with corporate governance codes. Our results yield an inverted U-shaped effect of family ownership on noncompliance. While the family influence and control dimension leads to high levels of noncompliance, socioworthiness stemming from image and reputation dimension lessens noncompliance. In the presence of potential agency conflict, the control dimension prevails over reputation, even in countries with strong governance institutions. Our findings have critical implications for family business theory, for governance policy making and also for better understanding corporate governance in family firms.

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Effects of the involvement of counselors to the agreement of shareholders to the values of the firm Efectos de la vinculación de consejeros al acuerdo de accionistas en el valor de la firma RESUMOEste artigo tem como objetivo analisar o efeito das cláusulas que vinculam o voto dos conselheiros ao acordo de acionistas no valor da firma. A partir de uma base de dados de 181 empresas listadas nos segmentos especiais da BM&FBovespa entre os anos de 2008 e 2012, estudamos o efeito da inclusão de cláusulas genéricas e específicas de vínculo de voto no valor das empresas. Verificamos um efeito negativo do acordo de acionistas no valor da firma, que se acentua na presença de cláusulas gené-ricas e se ameniza na presença de cláusulas específicas de vínculo de voto ao acordo de acionistas. Esses resultados são consistentes mesmo controlando pela endogeneidade da decisão pelo acordo de acionistas. Assim, os resultados apontam para um "efeito entrincheiramento" dos acionistas de controle no uso dos acordos de acionistas como mecanismo de compartilhamento de controle e voto. Este artigo contribui para a literatura em governança e finanças corporativas ao revelar práticas que enfraquecem a atuação de um dos principais pilares de governança, o conselho de administração. PALAVRAS-CHAVE | Acordos de acionistas, cláusula vinculante, valor da firma, Novo Mercado, governança corporativa. ABSTRACT