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A novel glucose biosensor was fabricated. The first layer of the biosensor was polythionine, which was formed by the electrochemical polymerisation of the thionine monomer on a glassy carbon electrode. The remaining layers were coated with chitosan-MWCNTs, GOx, and the chitosan-PTFE film in sequence. The MWCNTs embedded in FAD were like “conductive wires” connecting FAD with electrode, reduced the distance between them and were propitious to fast direct electron transfer. Combining with good electrical conductivity of PTH and MWCNTs, the current response was enlarged. The sensor was a parallel multi-component reaction system (PMRS) and excellent electrocatalytic performance for glucose could be obtained without a mediator. The glucose sensor had a working voltage of −0.42 V, an optimum working temperature of 25°C, an optimum working pH of 7.0, and the best percentage of polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion (PTFE) in the outer composite film was 2%. Under the optimised conditions, the biosensor displayed a high sensitivity of 2.80 µA mM−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 5 µM (S/N = 3), with a response time of less than 15 s and a linear range of 0.04 mM to 2.5 mM. Furthermore, the fabricated biosensor had a good selectivity, reproducibility, and long-term stability, indicating that the novel CTS+PTFE/GOx/MWCNTs/PTH composite is a promising material for immobilization of biomolecules and fabrication of third generation biosensors.

A new manganese-oxidizing strain FM-2 was screened out from biological activated carbon (BAC) filter column and was identified as Citrobacter freundii. The results of the systematic study on this species are as follows: At 27 , the optimum pH for Citrobacter sp. FM-2 to remove manganese was 7.0-8.0.The best removal rate of manganese under 27 , pH 7.0 by FM-2 was reached at 4 d, being 76.2%; Compared with adsorption, biological oxidation played a dominant role in this removing process. Almost 75.7% of manganese was oxidized into oxides by Citrobacter sp and there were some particular oxides analogs generated on the bacterial surface; A 296bp DNA fragment amplified from Citrobacter sp. FM-2 revealed that this species has multicopper oxidase genes. Meanwhile, the phylogenetic tree indicated that compared with other related species, Citrobacter sp. FM-2 has its own evolutional independence.

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