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A recent phase III trial comparing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-stimulated bone marrow (G-BM) and G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood (G-PB) in matched sibling allograft recipients showed that G-BM produced a similar hematologic recovery but a reduced incidence of extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease, indicating differences in the cell populations infused. As a first step toward identifying these differences, we treated a group of healthy adult humans with 4 daily doses of G-CSF 10 microg/kg and monitored the effects on various hematopoietic and immune cell types in the PB and BM over 12 days. G-CSF treatment caused rapid and large but transient increases in the number of circulating CD34+ cells, colony-forming cells, and long-term culture-initiating cells and in the short-term repopulating activity detectable in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency/beta2-microglobulin-null mice. Similar but generally less marked changes occurred in the same cell populations in the BM. G-CSF also caused transient perturbations in some immune cell types in both PB and BM: these included a greater increase in the frequency of naive B cells and CD123+ dendritic cells in the BM. The rapidity of the effects of G-CSF on the early progenitor activity of the BM provides a rationale for the apparent equivalence in rates of hematologic recovery obtained with G-BM and G-PB allotransplants. Accompanying effects on immune cell populations are consistent with a greater ability of G-BM to promote tolerance in allogeneic recipients, and this could contribute to a lower rate of chronic graft-versus-host disease.

BackgroundBurkitt lymphoma is a high-grade B cell lymphoma which accounts for less than 1% of all adult cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Rare instances of Burkitt lymphoma developing secondary to prior irradiation have been described in the literature.Case presentationWe report a case of a 90-year-old white woman with a recent history of irradiation for Hodgkin lymphoma, who presented with primary Burkitt lymphoma of the supraglottic larynx. She underwent emergency awake tracheostomy with biopsy. A histopathological examination confirmed non-Hodgkin, B cell lymphoma of Burkitt type. Given her age and poor functional status, she underwent treatment with palliative radiotherapy.ConclusionsA literature review was performed to clarify the clinical characteristics of radiation-induced Burkitt lymphoma in the head and neck, as well as its diagnosis and management. The present case represents the second case of radiation-induced Burkitt lymphoma in the head and neck in the reported literature, and the first in the supraglottic larynx. It highlights the need to maintain a broad differential in the assessment of malignancies of the larynx, particularly in patients with a prior history of radiation treatment.

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