The grain boundaries (GBs) in continuous films or domains of MoS 2 are vital to its optical and electrical properties. Almost all previous approaches for GBs visualization are based on microscopy and spectroscopy and only effective for domains with less than several micrometers in size. Here we report a simple method for the visualization of large GBs in MoS 2 surface by optical microscope. Gold was deposited on the MoS 2 grown by chemical vapor deposition, and then the GBs could be observed by optical microscope. Upon gold deposition on MoS 2 , the entire GBs of large-area MoS 2 were clearly visualized using this method. To verify the result, the GBs were also characterized via scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. It showed the small particles of gold were clustered together on GBs, which had a larger binding energy than the inner regions. The method is universal and allows for the nondestructive identification of the GBs in any two dimensional materials with large area.

Recently, twisted two-dimensional (2D) bilayers have attracted intense interest due to the emergence of exotic physics in moiré superlattices arising from strong interactions between electrons in the two misaligned lattices. Accurate determination and control of crystallographic orientation is vital to construct twisted 2D bilayers. Here, we demonstrate a very simple method to visualize crystallographic orientation in various 2D crystals by directly imaging n-tritriacontane crystallites epitaxially grown on 2D crystals using an ordinary optical microscope. The specific orientation of the molecular assembly allows the lattice orientation of the underlying 2D crystals to be determined with a high precision using an optical microscope. When tested on a 2D bilayer comprising staggered stacked MoS2 crystals, the twist angle can also be determined accurately. Our findings offer a nondestructive method for determining the lattice structure of 2D crystals and their bilayers and can also be a metrology tool for establishing large-area surface crystalline order.

Backgroud With the reform of medical system in China, Beijing municipal hospitals explored a new pharmaceutical care model and set up medication therapy management services (MTMs) in ambulatory care since 2019. We were one of the first hospitals to set up this service in China. At the present, there were relatively few reports about the effect of MTMs in China. In this study, we summarized the implementation of MTMs in our hospital, explore the feasibility of pharmacist-led MTMs in ambulatory care and the impact of MTMs on patients’ medical costs. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in a university-affiliated, tertiary comprehensive hospital in Beijing, China. The patients who received at least one MTMs and with complete medical records and pharmaceutical documents from May 2019 to February 2020 were included. Pharmacists provided pharmaceutical care for patients according to the MTMs standards issued by the American Pharmacists Association, identified the numbers and classification of the patients’ perceived medication-related demands, identified medication-related problems (MRPs), and developed the medication-related action plans (MAPs). All MRPs found by pharmacists, pharmaceutical interventions, and resolving recommendations were documented, and calculate the cost of treatment drugs that patients can reduce. Results A total of 112 patients received MTMs in ambulatory care, among them 81 cases with the completed record were included in this study. 67.9% of patients had five or more diseases, 83% of them co-took over 5 drugs. While performing MTMs, 128 patients’ perceived medication-related demands were recorded in all, monitoring and judgment of adverse drug reaction (ADR) (17.19%) was the most common demand. 181 MRPs were found, with an average of 2.55 MPRs per patient. Nonadherence (38%), excessive drug treatment (20%), and adverse drug events (17.12%) were the top three MRPs. Pharmaceutical care (29.77%), adjustment of drug treatment plan (29.10%) and referral to the clinical department (23.41%) were the top three MAPs. Whereby the MTMs provided by pharmacists, the cost-saving of each patient was about $ 43.2 monthly. Conclusion By participating in the MTMs of outpatients, the pharmacists could identify more MRPs and develop personalized MAPs timely for patients, thereby promoting rational drug use and reducing medical expenses.