Climate change contributes to the increase in severity and frequency of flooding, which is the most frequent and deadly disaster worldwide. Flood-related damage can be very severe and include health effects. Among those health impacts, dermatological diseases are one of the most frequently encountered. Both infectious and noninfectious dermatological conditions are increasing after flooding. We searched PubMed using the search term climate change OR global warming OR rainfall OR flooding OR skin. Articles published in the English-language literature were included. We also searched the International Society of Dermatology website library on climate change for additional articles. There is an increased risk of trauma during the course of a natural disaster. The majority of post-tsunami wound infections were polymicrobial, but gram-negative bacteria were the leading causes. Infectious diseases with dermatological manifestations, such as impetigo, leptospirosis, measles, dengue fever, tinea corporis, malaria, and leishmaniasis, are important causes of morbidity among flood-afflicted individuals. Insect bites and stings, and parasite infestations such as scabies and cutaneous larva migrans are also frequently observed. Inflammatory conditions including irritant contact dermatitis are among the leading dermatological conditions. Dermatological conditions such as alopecia areata, vitiligo, psoriasis, and urticaria can be induced or exacerbated by psychological conditions post disaster. Prevention is essential in the management of skin diseases because of flooding. Avoiding exposure to contaminated environments, wearing protective devices, rapid provision of clean water and sanitation facilities, prompt vector controls, and education about disease risk and prevention are important.

Background: Oral candidiasis is an infection due to the activity of Candida albicans in the oral cavity. Oral candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic infections occuring among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Due to increasing resistance and adverse effects to commonly used antifun¬gal drugs, many recent studies have examined the use of herbal essential oils as antifungal agents. In this study, essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) and nystatin were examined for in vitro antifungal activ¬ity against Candida species. Aim: To evaluate antifungal activity of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) and nystatin by comparing inhibition zone diameters. Methods: This study was an experimental laboratory study with a posttest only design conducted in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya. Forty isolates consisted of 20 isolates of Candida albicans and Candida non-albicans were subjected to test for antifungal activity using the diffusion disk method using paper discs or blank discs and inhibitory zones were recorded. Results: Diffusion test results revealed stronger antifungal effect of nystatin against all analyzed Candida strains. This study showed the mean diameter of the inhibitory zone for Candida albicans formed by rosemary essential oil is 2.25 mm and the average inhibition zone formed by rosemary essential oil for Candida non-albicans is 1.5 mm. Conclusion: The antifungal activity of nystatin is stronger when compared to rosemary essential oil as seen from a greater inhibition zone than rosemary essential oil in the diffusion method.

Background: In 2007, skin cancers were third most common malignancies in Indonesia. However, profile of cutaneous tumors in our institution has not been studied. Purpose: To evaluate profile of cutaneous tumors in Dermatology and Venerology Outpatient Clinic, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: This is a descriptive retrospective study. Inclusion criteria was new cutaneous tumor patients. Exclusion criteria was incomplete data. Medical record and  photograph database from 2019-2020 were assessed for demography, clinical features, histopathological examination and final diagnosis. Results: There were 379 (5,5%) cutaneous tumors among 6896 new patients at Dermatology and Venereology Outpatient Clinic. Overall, there were more female patients (53.7%) and age group of 0-45 years old (70.4%). Cutaneous tumors more commonly presented as papular (50.4%), multiple (56.5%), nonpigmented (58.3%), asymptomatic lesions (62.5%), with time from onset 0-24 months (66.2%) and location on head and face (61.2%). Benign cutaneous tumors showed similar findings. Malignant cutaneous tumors showed differences including predominantly male sex, age above 45 years old, nodular, solitary, pigmented and easily bleeding lesions. Malignant tumors were less common (6.9%). Most common malignant tumor was BCC. Most common benign and overall cutaneous tumor was seborrheic keratosis. Conclusion: Cutaneous  tumors presented across gender and ages, showing heterogenous clinical manifestations. Malignant and benign cutaneous tumors showed similarity on time from onset and location of lesions. However, differences were seen in demographic profiles and majority of clinical features. BCC was the most common malignant cutaneous tumors, while seborrheic keratosis was the most common benign and overall cutaneous tumors.

BackgroundOral candidiasis (OC) is an oral mucosal disorder due toCandidagenus. Its predisposing factor among patients with HIV/AIDS is mainly decreasing CD4 count. OC is commonly caused byCandidaalbicans.As CD4 decreases, the shift toC.non-albicanshas been observed.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association ofCandidaspecies with CD4 count and clinical features in HIV/AIDS patients with OC.Patients and methodsThis is a cross-sectional study. A total of 114 oral rinse solution samples from HIV/AIDS patients with OC were collected.Candidaspecies identification was done by culture in Chromagar followed by VITEK 2. The association ofCandidaspecies with CD4 count and clinical features was analyzed using Pearson'sχ2and Kruskal–Wallis tests.ResultsThere was growth of 149 isolates in culture from 114 patients.C. albicanswas found in 104 (69.7%) isolates.Candidanon-albicans were found in 45 (30.3%) isolates, namelyCandida kruseiin 22 (14.85%),Candida glabratain 12 (8.1%),Candida tropicalisin six (4.05%),Candida dubliniensisin two (1.3%),Candida parapsilosisin two (1.3%), andCandidalipolyticain one (0.7%) isolate.Candidaspecies was significantly associated with clinical types, episode types, pain on swallowing, CD4 count, and antiretroviral (ARV) use among all patients.ConclusionAmong HIV/AIDS patients with OC, growth ofC. albicansonly was more common in higher CD4 count, while mixed growth ofC. albicansandC.non-albicanswas more common in lower CD4 count. Clinical features associated with growth ofC. albicansonly were pseudomembranous type, recurrent OC, absence of pain on swallowing, and patients on ARV, whereas those associated with mixed growth ofC. albicansandC.non-albicanswere cheilitis type, first-episode OC, presence of pain on swallowing, and ARV-naive patients.

Background: The long term use of antifungals for oral candidiasis (OC) in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) causes some strains to be resistant to certain antifungals. HIV/AIDS are currently most common in men. Aim: To evaluate ketoconazole sensitivity on Candida species in male HIV/AIDS patients with OC. Method: This is an observational descriptive study at the Outpatient Unit and Inpatient Installation of the Infectious Disease Intermediate Care Unit (UPIPI) Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya. Samples were taken from HIV/AIDS male patients with OC using sterile swabs. The smear was cultured in CHROMagar Candida incubated at 37°C for 48-72 hours, and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar media for 48 hours at 28°C. Species identification were done using carbohydrate and Cornmeal test. Resistance test was done by disk diffusion method. Results: There were 23 research subjects with 40 isolates of Candida species growing in culture. The most common species was C. albicans in 23(57.5%) isolates, while Candida non-albicans were found in 17(42.5%) isolates. The sensitivity test results showed that 34 (85%) isolates were sensitive, while 2(5%) isolates were resistant to ketoconazole. All C. albicans (23 [100%]) and most Candida non-albicans species (11 [64%]) were sensitive to ketoconazole. Conclusion: Ketoconazole can be recommended as a treatment option for OC patients with HIV/AIDS due to the high sensitivity of both C. albicans and non-albicans to this drug.