The amount of water and fertilizers used in the production of vegetables, specifically tomatoes, is high. This study was carried out to determine water and fertilizers use efficiency in closed and open hydroponic systems for tomato production under greenhouse conditions. Two treatments with eight replications were assessed; each replication consisted of 67 pots with two plants each. One treatment was a closed hydroponic system (with nutrient solution recirculation), and the other was an open hydroponic system (with non-recirculating nutrient solution). We quantified the amounts of water and fertilizers applied, as well as the losses (drained nutrient solution), in the two treatments during the entire cycle of tomato. In the nutrient solution (NS) we also measured electric conductivity (EC), pH, volume applied, and volume drained, and total weight of fruits (25 pickings). There were no significant differences between the two treatments on fruit production. Water use efficiency was 59.53 kg/fruit/m3 for the closed system and 46.03 kg/fruit/m3 in the open system. In comparison to the open system, the closed system produced 13.50 kg more fruit per cubic meter of water, while 10.31 grams less fertilizers per kilogram of fruit produced were only applied. Water and fertilizers use efficiency were higher in the closed system, by 22.68% and 22.69%, respectively. More efficiency was obtained in the closed system, regarding the open system. We concluded that the closed system is a good alternative to produce tomato and preserve the resources involved in the process (like water and fertilizers), thus reducing pollution.
In Mexico, agriculture’s main environmental problems are related to water resources, deforestation and soil erosion. These problems are more acute in arid or semiarid regions such as in the state of Zacatecas. Environmental management systems (EMS) can be an alternate means for improving environmental conditions. In this study, factors that determine willingness to adopt an EMS in the vegetable production units of the state of Zacatecas were identified. We also analysed views on sustainability and production practices oriented toward environmental management and care of natural resources, as well as drivers and barriers to EMS adoption. Factors determining EMS adoption were level of education, awareness of the importance of caring for and protecting natural resources, application of agricultural practices oriented toward protecting the environment, and ignorance of environmental problems.
La limitada disponibilidad de agua que cada vez es más severa a nivel mundial, exige un uso más eficiente del agua en la producción agrícola. Los sistemas hidropónicos cerrados hacen un uso más eficiente del agua, donde la solución nutritiva excedente es recuperada, regenerada y reusada en el mismo cultivo. El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación fue conocer los efectos en producción y calidad de frutos con seis porcentajes de drenaje (%D): 25, 30, 40, 45, 55 y 60%D de la solución nutritiva en un cultivo de tomate. Se usaron macetas con sustrato perlita fina previamente utilizado. La investigación se realizó en el año 2016 en la Unidad Académica de Agronomía de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas. Se midió el número, tamaño, peso y rendimiento de frutos, productividad del agua y la calidad de los frutos (conductividad eléctrica, potencial de Hidrógeno, sólidos solubles, acidez e índice de madurez en zumo) en dos etapas de la producción. Hubo diferencia significativa en rendimiento y calidad para los tratamientos 3 y 4 y 1 y 2 respectivamente. Con % D de 40% se obtuvo mayor rendimiento, pero con 25% de drenaje se aumentó el contenido de sales y azucares en fruto y se obtiene la mayor productividad con respecto a los demás porcentajes.
Aprincipios de la década de los noventa en México se iniciaron una serie de programas para coadyuvar a la competitividad de los productores rurales frente al retiro del estado en el apoyo a la producción, comercialización y servicios sectoriales, así como en su incorporación en el proceso de liberalización comercial. Zacatecas es el principal productor de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) nacional. La mayor parte de la producción se cultiva en temporal. Escasa precipitación pluvial, baja ef iciencia en riego agrícola y sobreexplotación de los acuíferos provoca daños ambientales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto de la política agrícola en los sistemas de producción de frijol del estado de Zacatecas a través de la determinación de las tecnologías de producción competitivas y eficientes, considerando las fallas de mercado relacionadas al ambiente. Se determinaron los indicadores de competitividad y eficiencia a través de la aplicación de la matriz de análisis de política ampliada (MAPA). La investigación se desarrolló con información del ciclo agrícola primavera-verano 2009. El marco de análisis fueron los Distritos de Desarrollo Rural de Zacatecas, Fresnillo, Río Grande y Ojocaliente. Con excepción de las tecnologías TCS del DDR de Zacatecas, BCF y TCS de Ojocaliente, todos los sistemas de producción mostraron ser competitivos en la situación actual. Los sistemas de producción cultivados con tecnologías competitivas también resultaron eficientes, exceptuando el TCSL de Fresnillo y BMF de Ojocaliente. La adopción de prácticas sostenibles reducirá el deterioro de la competitividad y eficiencia de los sistemas de producción.
The major environmental concerns of agriculture in Mexico are related to water resources and deforestation, in addition to the increasingly important issues of pesticide use, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and soil erosion. This situation worsens in arid or semiarid regions, such as the state of Zacatecas, where the main source of water is 34 aquifers, 15 of which are overexploited. One option for reducing environmental deterioration is to encourage production units to adopt environmental management systems (EMS). These systems, however, are not well known to growers at the local or national level. The establishment of an EMS in the agricultural sector is relatively new, although it is widely used in other industrial sectors. This study determined the views, drivers and barriers to adopting an EMS in the vegetable sector of the state of Zacatecas, Mexico. A questionnaire was given to 202 technicians or owners of vegetable production units. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Improving access to markets was the most important driver for EMS adoption, while the lack of government support was the main barrier. The study demonstrated that views of sustainability are closely related to attitudes toward environmental management actions and environmental sustainability.
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