This study measured the prevalence of cases of domestic violence against women and some associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. Data were collected through a remote survey during 2020. The sample included 47,819 women aged 15 years and older. Jointpoint regression and logistic regression models were used. The prevalence of violence was 11.5%, which decreased in July and subsequently increased. The associated factors were being unemployed (OR = 2.01; 95%CI 1.89–2.16); being partially and totally quarantined (OR = 1.58; 95%CI 1.43–1.75 and OR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.32–1.63); being a caregiver of children; being a caregiver of elderly and/or suffering from a chronic illness (OR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.19–1.36; OR = 1.42; 95%CI 1.33–1.53; OR = 1.59; 95%CI 1.47–1.73); losing a family member to COVID-19 (OR = 1.26; 95%CI 1.13–1.41); and binge drinking (OR = 1.94; 95%CI 1.78–2.12). The confinement measures increased gender inequalities, economic problems and workload which further evidenced violence against women.

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Survey (nϭ12,000), a cross-sectional self-report survey which included the SF-12 Health Survey Version 2 (SF-12v2) to assess HRQoL. Differences between patients with and without asthma were identified using chi-square tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables. Multiple regression was used to assess the association of asthma with HRQoL while accounting for potential confounds, including age, gender, number of co-morbid conditions, possession of private insurance, alcohol use, exercise behavior, and cigarette smoking. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent (nϭ9108) of respondents were familiar with asthma. Physician diagnosis of asthma was reported by 4% of the sample (nϭ415), and the remaining 96% (nϭ11,585) served as the control group. Asthma patients were younger (36 vs. 41, pϽ0.001), more likely to be female (61% vs. 50%, pϽ.001), have private insurance (60% vs. 53% pϽ0.01), drink alcohol (68% vs. 60%, pϽ.01), and had more co-morbid conditions (0.73 vs. 0.32 pϽ0.001). Relative to controls, asthma patients had lower MCS (42.41 vs. 46.99, pϽ0.001), PCS (47.27 vs. 50.58, pϽ0.001) and SF-6D health utilities (0.66 vs. 0.73, pϽ0.001). Asthma was associated with significantly lower HRQoL after adjusting for age, gender, drinking, smoking, exercise, insurance, and comorbidities, with MCS lower by 2.59 points (pϽ0.001), PCS lower by 3.15 points (pϽ0.001), and SF-6D lower by 0.05 points (pϽ0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Asthma is associated with significant HRQoL burden, even after adjusting for covariates. This analysis may underestimate the burden of asthma, as undiagnosed asthma patients were likely included in the control group.

IntroductionIntimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a public health concern associated with multiple adverse health outcomes, including psychological distress (PD).ObjectiveTo assess the association of IPV and psychological distress, and the mediation of tobacco and alcohol consumption in a national representative sample from Mexico.Material and methodsData from the Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Tabaco y Alcohol (ENCODAT) were analyzed. The sample included 34,864 people between the ages of 12 and 65 with a partner. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the association between IPV, use alcohol, tobacco and psychological distress was measured.ResultsThe population was composed of women (51.9%) and men (48.1%); 15.1% (women = 18.2% and men = 11.9%) reported IPV in the last year. The prevalence of psychological distress in the last year was 3.3%, being 3.8% in women, and 2.7% in men. Results from the SEM in women indicated a direct positive effect of the IPV construct on psychological distress (β = 0.298, p < 0.01); these findings confirmed that IPV tended to systematically increase psychological distress. Likewise, the presence of IPV increased the consumption of tobacco (β = 0.077, p < 0.01) and alcohol (β = 0.072, p < 0.01). The SEM results in men showed that alcohol and tobacco consumption tended to increase in the presence of IPV (β = 0.121, p < 0.01, and β = 0.086, p < 0.01, respectively), and in turn, alcohol consumption and tobacco tended to increase psychological distress (β = 0.024, p < 0.01, and β = 0.025, p < 0.01, respectively).ConclusionThis study indicated that in women, IPV had a direct effect on psychological distress and on alcohol and tobacco consumption. Meanwhile in men, alcohol and tobacco consumption had a mediating effect between IPV and psychological distress. The empirical findings of this study will contribute toward the design of public health policies for the prevention and attention of IPV, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and consequently address the mental health consequences derived from these problems.