No abstract

Wild population management programs require determining some fundamental aspects for conservation, including population structure, flow between populations, evolutionary history and kinship, among others. Since sample collection from wild mammals for DNA extraction is a complex task, conservation genetics has developed non-invasive sampling techniques, which allow obtaining DNA without the need to capture individuals. For the genetic characterization of otter populations, stools are frequently used as source of DNA for amplification of molecular markers (microsatellites, mitochondrial segments and sequences for determining sex) in studies on genetic diversity, phylogeography, population structure and size, among others. This review summarizes the application of non-invasive sampling techniques in genetic studies of otter species. Genetic characterization studies that use stools as source of DNA support the usefulness of this material to get amplified markers in the genotyping of individuals. They also suggest the use of fresh samples and appropriate conservation methods to avoid DNA degradation, as well as quantify the potential errors in genotyping, such as false and null alleles. En los programas de manejo de poblaciones silvestres es necesario conocer algunos aspectos fundamentales para su conservación como la estructura poblacional, el flujo entre poblaciones, la historia evolutiva y el parentesco, entre otros. Dado que en mamíferos silvestres es difícil acceder a muestras para la extracción de ADN, la genética de la conservación ha desarrollado técnicas de muestreo no invasivas, que permiten obtener ADN sin necesidad de capturar los individuos. En la caracterización genética de poblaciones de nutrias se emplean frecuentemente las heces como fuente de ADN para la amplificación de marcadores moleculares (microsatélites, segmentos mitocondriales y secuencias para la determinación del sexo) en estudios de diversidad genética, filogeografía, estructura y tamaño de las poblaciones, entre otros. En ésta revisión se presenta una síntesis de la aplicación de técnicas de muestreo no invasivas en los estudios genéticos de las especies de nutria. Los estudios de caracterización genética, utilizando heces como fuente de ADN, coinciden en la utilidad de este material para obtener amplificados de calidad en la genotipificación de individuos. También sugieren el uso de muestras frescas y la aplicación de métodos de conservación apropiados para evitar la degradación del ADN y cuantificar los posibles errores de genotipificación como los alelos falsos y nulos. ADN mitocondrial, diversidad genética, microsatélites, marcadores moleculares, muestreos no invasivos, nutrias.

To establish differences in the genotoxic effect of particulate matter (PM 10 ) in exposed individuals at two sites in the Valle de Aburrá (VA). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 2 groups of individuals exposed to 67.7 and 45 µg/m 3 of PM 10 for a minimum of 8 hours/day. The frequency of Chromosomal Abnormalities (CAs) and the mitotic index were evaluated based on blood samples. The data were processed using SPSS version 18.0 and significant differences were established between the groups at p<0.05. One hundred eighteen individuals were evaluated: 56.8% at site 1 and 43.2% at site 2. The study population had an average age of 53 years. Significant differences were found between the numbers of CAs (p = 0.003) detected at the sample sites. Site 1 displayed a higher number of CAs than site 2, likely because site 1 is located in an area of the VA that is more exposed to environmental contamination. Furthermore, this study showed that there is a relationship between the level of particulate matter and an increase in a biomarker for CAs, establishing a possible health risk in this population, especially for those who remain there for long periods of time.