The article describes the main trends in bank lending to the real sector of the economy in the post

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In the current context, competencies are becoming a universal measure of the success and effectiveness of human activity in any profession. The civil service of Kazakhstan is promising and trainable. Today, an important task is to train civil servants of the “new generation”. As a global information world, digital transformation requires them to understand the new specifics of civil service and improve their skills and competencies. Therefore, the competence-based approach in the professional development of civil servants that is becoming increasingly relevant. It motivates civil servants to further advance in their professional careers, and is also the basis for the formation of information support for the management of civil service personnel in almost all countries. The competence-based approach has recently been declared as the starting point of all personnel management activities. It can be used to select personnel, evaluate the quality of their work, and build a career and training system. In this article, the authors give the concept of the competence approach, professional development of civil servants. The purpose of this study is to study the features of the organization of professional development of civil servants in foreign countries, to compare the composition of the competencies of the presented models for further development of ways to reform the system of professional training of civil servants in Kazakhstan. The analysis of the main components of the models of competencies of civil servants in different countries is presented. The development of professional competencies of civil servants should acquire a strategic character, be designed for the future. The research methodology is based on the application of the process approach, historical analysis, modeling and classification methods, and the method of scientific generalizations.

The purpose of the study is to theoretically substantiate the need for the development in Kazakhstan of such network forms of innovative entre- preneurship organization as research firms. In the study, general and particular methods of economic research were used: the method of comparison and gene-ralization, the method of expert assessments based on the analysis and synthe- sis of world experience in the development of innovative entrepreneurship, in particular through the development of network interaction of key participants in the scientific and innovative process. A research firm is a form of innova- tive entrepreneurship organization, primarily focused on the initiation, deve-lopment and maintenance of new knowledge production processes, through the implementation of the main stages of research and development of prototypes, followed by a stage of practical application and introduction of new knowledge in the form of innovation. The research firm interprets and qualifies the disci- plinary diversity of the experience of its employees and their competencies as a potential opportunity and asset for creative activity in the production and application of knowledge. The research firm is interested in creating networks with universities and other research institutes, driven by the desire to gain ac- cess to fundamental university research and their further transformation into an entrepreneurial asset. Thus, in accordance with world practice, one of the main directions of development of research firms in the modern economy is ef- fective cooperation with academic research institutes and universities, which is not practiced at all in Kazakhstan. Therefore, it is within the framework of the functioning of research firms that the conflicting commercial and scientific in- terests of the main participants in scientific and innovative activities, including universities and research institutes, can be maximally harmonized.

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