Summary The main features of the Westphalian marine faunas in the coalfields of the Pennine Province are summarized by reference to the sequence proved in the East Midlands Coalfield, which is taken as a standard for the region. The faunal phases of the marine bands are described and the possible spatial relationship of the communities in the Westphalian seas is discussed in terms of facies belts. The geographical distribution of the communities in the marine bands is set out, and interpreted by palaeofacies maps. These demonstrate the lateral changes which occur in the faunas as the individual bands are traced from the area of maximum deposition in the mid and south Pennines to the surrounding marginal areas. The pattern of the faunal variation is seen to be in close agreement with the depositional history and palaeogeography of the Pennine basin. Brief reference is made to the position of the permanent Westphalian seas.

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Summary Marine and non-marine fossils have been found recently above certain coal seams of the Middle Coal Measures in opencast workings, and underground at neighbouring pits, in North Wales. Previous work on this subject has been confirmed in part, and enlarged upon by the discovery of three marine horizons new to the coalfield. The widespread marine band occurring about the middle of the Anthraconaia modiolaris Zone has been proved in situ for the first time, and its position in relation to well-known coals firmly established. Names are proposed for the marine bands, and correlation with other coalfields is made in well-authenticated instances and suggested in others. The marine and non-marine faunas are listed in the text.