En un proceso de gasificación de biomasa la geometría de la biomasa es un factor necesario que considerar. El tamaño, forma y densidad de las partículas del biocombustible influyen en el transporte de las especies del sistema de reacción, velocidades de secado y descomposición térmica; los cuales son factores relacionados al desempeño general del proceso. Este trabajo evaluó las diferencias significativas que existen en el rendimiento y eficiencia del sistema de generación de energía eléctrica y térmica por la incidencia de dos geometrías en la biomasa de alimentación (pellets y astillas de madera), en el desempeño de un gasificador tipo “downdraft”.  El perfil de temperatura de la zona de pirólisis fue en promedio (147 ± 15) °C mayor al utilizar astillas como alimentación en comparación con el uso de pellets. La caída de presión dentro del reactor fue menor en promedio, así como su variabilidad en el sistema, al utilizar astillas como alimentación; esto a pesar de que el poder calorífico del gas de síntesis obtenido fue levemente mayor para pellets (8,00 MJ/Nm3) que con respecto al obtenido con astillas (6,18 MJ/Nm3).  Se obtuvo una Eficiencia de Gas Frío, así como la Eficiencia Térmica Global mayor al utilizar astillas de madera. La capacidad de aprovechamiento de la energía del syngas para producir potencia eléctrica, medido como la Eficiencia del Motor/Generador, estuvo dentro de los valores típicos para este sistema de conversión, y fue de (21,41 ± 3,23) % para astillas y (18,94 ± 3,68) % para pellets. Se obtuvo 564,50 kWh/t de rendimiento de proceso en términos eléctricos al emplear astillas, el cual fue mayor que al utilizar pellets (487,35 kWh/t), esto a una potencia de 6,2 kW. Con respecto al rendimiento de producción de gas de síntesis, con pellets fue menor con respecto a las astillas de madera (i.e. en promedio se produjo 1,75 kg de gas de síntesis por kilogramo de astillas, lo que significa un 25 % más que con pellets de madera). En conclusión, a pesar de que el manejo de astillas de maderas requiere ciertos cuidados para evitar el atascamiento dentro del sistema de conversión “downdraft” para producir gas combustible, en general las ventajas en proceso y eficiencias son mayores al utilizar madera en forma de astillas en comparación con pellets.

We have identified a minor hemoglobin component (approximately 5%) in the blood of a healthy Costa Rican female, but not in her mother and two brothers (father not studied), that has an His --> Arg replacement at position beta 77 (Hb Costa Rica). No other amino acid replacements were observed and no beta- or gamma-chain-like peptides were present. Hb Costa Rica has abnormal stability. Sequence analyses of numerous polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified segments of DNA that contain exon 2 of the beta gene failed to identify a CAC --> CGC (His --> Arg) mutation. The same was the case when cDNA was sequenced, indicating that a beta-Costa Rica-mRNA could not be detected with this procedure. Gene mapping of genomic DNA with Bg/II, BamHI, and HindIII gave normal fragments only and with the same intensity as observed for the fragments of a normal control. The quantities of the beta chain variants Hb J-Iran and Hb Fukuyama with related mutations at beta 77 vary between 30% and 45% in heterozygotes, whereas that of Hb F-Kennestone with the same His --> Arg mutation but in the G gamma-globin gene, is a high 40%-45% (as percentage of total G gamma) in a heterozygous newborn. These different observations exclude a heterozygosity of the A --> G mutation at codon beta 77, as well as a deletion comparable to that of Hbs Lepore or Kenya, or a beta-globin gene duplication, and point to a nontraditional inheritance of Hb Costa Rica. Allele-specific amplification of cDNA with appropriate primers identified the presence of a low level of mutated mRNA in the reticulocytes of the patient, which was confirmed by dotblot analysis of the same material with 32P-labeled probes. Comparable amplification products were not observed in genomic DNA. The A --> G mutation apparently occurred in a somatic cell at a relatively early stage in the development of the hematopoietic cell system, and Hb Costa Rica accumulated through rapid cell divisions in patchy areas in the bone marrow (somatic mosaicism). An unequal distribution of Hb Costa Rica over the red cells supports this possibility.

Aliarcobacter butzleri is a zoonotic emerging food and waterborne pathogen widely distributed in nature. It is present in food processing environments and can easily be spread through the food industry because of its ability to form biofilm. The aim of this work was to determine the ability of strains isolated in Costa Rica from different food matrixes of animal origin to form biofilm. Thirty-eight A. butzleri strains previously isolated and identified from animal origin products were analyzed using the method described by Stepmovic et al. (2000), in three culture broths, brain heart infusion broth, Boer broth and Houf broth. Results showed that 67% of poultry origin strains, 62.5% of meat origin strains and just 8% of milk origin strains showed ability to form biofilm. The findings of this study confirm the adherence ability of A. butzleri to form biofilm, a characteristic that can promote dispersion and cross contamination along food industry processing lines.

We have identified a minor hemoglobin component (approximately 5%) in the blood of a healthy Costa Rican female, but not in her mother and two brothers (father not studied), that has an His --> Arg replacement at position beta 77 (Hb Costa Rica). No other amino acid replacements were observed and no beta- or gamma-chain-like peptides were present. Hb Costa Rica has abnormal stability. Sequence analyses of numerous polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified segments of DNA that contain exon 2 of the beta gene failed to identify a CAC --> CGC (His --> Arg) mutation. The same was the case when cDNA was sequenced, indicating that a beta-Costa Rica-mRNA could not be detected with this procedure. Gene mapping of genomic DNA with Bg/II, BamHI, and HindIII gave normal fragments only and with the same intensity as observed for the fragments of a normal control. The quantities of the beta chain variants Hb J-Iran and Hb Fukuyama with related mutations at beta 77 vary between 30% and 45% in heterozygotes, whereas that of Hb F-Kennestone with the same His --> Arg mutation but in the G gamma-globin gene, is a high 40%-45% (as percentage of total G gamma) in a heterozygous newborn. These different observations exclude a heterozygosity of the A --> G mutation at codon beta 77, as well as a deletion comparable to that of Hbs Lepore or Kenya, or a beta-globin gene duplication, and point to a nontraditional inheritance of Hb Costa Rica. Allele-specific amplification of cDNA with appropriate primers identified the presence of a low level of mutated mRNA in the reticulocytes of the patient, which was confirmed by dotblot analysis of the same material with 32P-labeled probes. Comparable amplification products were not observed in genomic DNA. The A --> G mutation apparently occurred in a somatic cell at a relatively early stage in the development of the hematopoietic cell system, and Hb Costa Rica accumulated through rapid cell divisions in patchy areas in the bone marrow (somatic mosaicism). An unequal distribution of Hb Costa Rica over the red cells supports this possibility.