Feminization of the agricultural labor is common in Mexico; these women and their families are vulnerable to several health risks including genotoxicity. Previous papers have presented contradictory information with respect to indirect exposure to pesticides and DNA damage. We aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effect in buccal mucosa from female farmers and children, working in the agricultural valley of Maneadero, Baja California. Frequencies of micronucleated cells (MNc) and nuclear abnormalities (NA) in 2000 cells were obtained from the buccal mucosa of the study population (n = 144), divided in four groups: (1) farmers (n = 37), (2) unexposed (n = 35), (3) farmers' children (n = 34), and (4) unexposed children (n = 38). We compared frequencies of MNc and NA and fitted generalized linear models to investigate the interaction between these variables and exposition to pesticides. Differences were found between farmers and unexposed women in MNc (p < 0.0001), CC (p = 0.3376), and PN (p < 0.0001). With respect to exposed children, we found higher significant frequencies in MNc (p < 0.0001), LN (p < 0.0001), CC (p < 0.0001), and PN (p < 0.004) when compared to unexposed children. Therefore working as a farmer is a risk for genotoxic damage; more importantly indirectly exposed children were found to have genotoxic damage, which is of concern, since it could aid in future disturbances of their health.
Describimos la presencia, estructura, número de huevos y éxito de eclosión de los nidos de Rallus obsoletus levipes (rascón picudo), un ave protegida en México y Estados Unidos, durante las temporadas de anidación de 2016 a 2018 en el Estero de Punta Banda (EPB), Ensenada, Baja California, México. El número de huevos por nido fue de 6, 7 u 8 y el éxito de eclosión de 0, 75 o 100%. Asimismo reportamos la abundancia y densidad de Geukensia demissa (mejillón rayado, un bivalvo invasor) en el sitio de estudio. Las densidades de G. demissa por zona de marisma fueron: Marisma Interna (MI) 5.36/m2, Marisma Media (MM) 6.94 y Marisma Externa (ME) 3.52. El número de bivalvos no es independiente de la zona de marisma, p < 0.001. Documentamos la muerte de dos polluelos de R. o. levipes encontrados muertos y ahogados en las valvas de G. demissa durante mareas altas en el EPB. No encontramos una asociación entre la cobertura vegetal dominante, Spartia foliosa y Salicornia spp. y la presencia de G. demissa. Su presencia parece ser independiente de la presencia de vegetación. La permanencia de R. o. levipes en el EPB depende de un mejor conocimiento de la población y sus interacciones con G. demissa y otras amenazas en el EPB. Discutimos el rol de G. demissa en el futuro de R. o. levipes en el EPB. Se deben elaborar propuestas para que los sitios con una elevación mayor al nivel medio de marea sean considerados como críticos para la anidación y persistencia del ave.
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