Information on mechanisms and inheritance of resistance is critical to plan an effective strategy to breed for resistance to insect pests. Therefore, we evaluated a diverse array of chickpea genotypes (eight desi and one kabuli) with varying levels of resistance to the pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera to gain an understanding of the nature of gene action and possible maternal effects. The test genotypes were crossed in all possible combinations for a full diallel. The 72 F 1 s (36 direct and 36 reciprocal crosses) along with the parents were evaluated for resistance to H. armigera under field conditions, and for antibiosis mechanism of resistance (larval survival and larval weight gain) by using detached leaf assay under laboratory conditions, and grain yield under un-protected conditions in the field. Additive gene action governed the inheritance of resistance to H. armigera, while non-additive type of gene action was predominant for inheritance of antibiosis component of resistance (larval survival and larval weight) and grain yield. Greater magnitude of σ 2 A (17.39 and 1.42) than σ 2 D (3.93 and 1.21) indicated the preponderance of σ 2 A in inheritance of resistance to pod borer, H. armigera under laboratory and field conditions, respectively. There were no maternal effects for inheritance of resistance to pod borer and grain yield. Lines with significant gca effects for pod borer damage and grain yield were identified for further use in the resistance breeding program. The implications of the inheritance pattern of pod borer resistance and grain yield are discussed in the context of strategies to enhance pod borer resistance and grain yield in chickpea.

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Purpose - This study aims to investigate the effect of marketing resources and marketing dynamic capabilities on the business performance of insurance companies. Design/methodology/approach - The population consists of all employees of the insurance firms in Ardabil and among them a sample of 177 people was selected using non-random convenience method. A standard questionnaire was used to measure variables. The hypotheses were analyzed using structural equation modeling method with use of SmartPLS software. Findings - The results show that marketing resources have a positive impact on marketing dynamic capabilities. Also, marketing dynamic capabilities have a positive impact on customer performance and market performance. Finally, the positive impact of market performance and customer performance on financial performance was also confirmed. Originality/value - There is lack of research explaining the role of marketing resources and marketing dynamic capabilities in improving business performance in service industries, especially in important insurance industry. This study attempts to reduce this gap in the literature, as its main goal is to assess the impact of marketing dynamic capabilities in improving business performance of insurance firms.