Background Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) means that an infant should be breastfed only for the first six months of life to achieve optimal child development and to prevent infant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this analysis was to determine the individual-, household-, and communitylevel factors associated with EBF practice in Bangladesh. Methods A total of 1,440 women-child pairs data were analysed extracted from 2011 and 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Multilevel logistic regression models were used separately for individual-, household-, and community level factors to identify the different level of factors associated with EBF practice. Results Around 61% women in Bangladesh practiced EBF with significant variation across several individual-, household-, and community-level factors. At the individual level, higher odds of EBF practice was found among mothers' received higher number of antenatal care and lower age of child. Mothers' higher education and engagement in formal jobs were found negatively associated with EBF practice. At the community level, higher odds of EBF was found among women live in Barishal, Dhaka, and Rajshahi divisions, and resided in the community with moderate level of female education, higher level of fertility, and higher use of antenatal and delivery care. Conclusions One in every three children in Bangladesh do not breastfeed exclusively which needs special attention for the policymakers. In this case, educated women engaged in income

In today's era regardless of the field of study or preference for defining data (quantitative, qualitative), accurate data collection is essential for maintaining the integrity of research. Selection of appropriate method and the device used for data acquisition reduces chances of errors occurring. Proposed system has a small handy hardware, a remote server and software components for acquisition of data manually or from sensors electronically. It could be used in doing survey's, closed loop control monitoring systems in industries, hospitals, attendance management system of schools and colleges etc. This paper presents a design and framework for taking attendance in schools and colleges, for making troublesome process of taking and compiling of attendance simple and efficient. As its targeted users are educational institutes where there is a requirement of affordable, user friendly, portable, energy efficient and secure automated system. Hence this prototype provides an amalgamated solution for replacing existing conventional attendance system with embedded attendance system. Main advantages are its very low cost, small size, efficient with low energy consumption.Keywordsdata acquisition, attendance management system, raspberry pi web server.I.

Objective: The objective was to find the association of feeding practices and immunization with nutritional status of infants in Jasra Block of Allahabad district. Materials and Methods: A cohort study was conducted in a rural community among infants born during the period of November 2011 to April 2012. Information, Education and Counselling was given to their mothers starting from last 3 months of pregnancy and continued till the newborns completed 1-year of age. Then feeding practices, immunization, and nutritional status (in terms of weight for age) was assessed. Results: About 56.25% infants were exclusively breastfed and 53.75% infants were timely started on complementary feeding. 87.5% infants were fully immunized and the rest 12.5% were partially immunized. Growth of more than half of the infants, i.e., 47 (60%) followed a normal growth curve and weight of 33 (40%) infants was below 2 standard deviation. There was no significant difference between the mean weight at birth (i.e., 2.56 kg for infants with adequate feeding and immunization practices and 2.51 kg for infants with inadequate immunization and feeding practices). On the other hand, difference in the mean weight among two groups at 3, 6, and 9 months was statistically significant. Conclusion: Feeding practices and immunization have an association with nutritional status of infants in terms of better weight for age.

Background Increasing rate of unnecessary caesarean section (CS) is now reported worldwide that intensified the occurrence of adverse health outcomes for mother-child dyads. We investigated the association of CS with some basic health and behaviour outcomes of the mother-child dyads in Bangladesh. Methods We conducted a community based case-control study from May to August 2019. Total of 600 (300 had CS, and 300 had vaginal delivery (VD)) mother-child dyads were interviewed through a structured questionnaire. Method of delivery was the exposure variable classified as CS and VD. The outcome variables were a group of health and behaviour problems of the mothers and their children. A series of binary logistic regression models were carried out to examine the effects of the exposure variable on outcome variables. Mother socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics were adjusted in the models. Results The mean maternal age (SD) and weight were 25.1 (5.2) years and 53.1 (7.2) kilogram, respectively. Higher likelihood of headache, after delivery hip pain, problem of daily activities, and breastfeeding problem were reported among mother had CS in their last birth than VD. Children born through the CS were reported a higher likelihood of breathing problem and frequent illness and a lower likelihood of food demand and sleeping. Conclusion The occurrence of CS increases the risk of health and behaviour problems among mothers and their children. This suggests the need for polices to avoid unnecessary CS and to increase awareness of adverse effects of CS. Frequent health checkup following CS is also important.