Background Maternally inherited Wolbachia symbionts infect D. melanogaster populations worldwide. Infection rates vary greatly. Genetic diversity of Wolbachia in D. melanogaster can be subdivided into several closely related genotypes coinherited with certain mtDNA lineages. mtDNA haplotypes have the following global distribution pattern: mtDNA clade I is mostly found in North America, II and IV in Africa, III in Europe and Africa, V in Eurasia, VI is global but very rare, and VIII is found in Asia. The wMel Wolbachia genotype is predominant in D. melanogaster populations. However, according to the hypothesis of global Wolbachia replacement, the wMelCS genotype was predominant before the XX century when it was replaced by the wMel genotype. Here we analyse over 1500 fly isolates from the Palearctic region to evaluate the prevalence, genetic diversity and distribution pattrern of the Wolbachia symbiont, occurrence of mtDNA variants, and finally to discuss the Wolbachia genotype global replacement hypothesis. Results All studied Palearctic populations of D. melanogaster were infected with Wolbachia at a rate of 33–100%. We did not observe any significant correlation between infection rate and longitude or latitude. Five previously reported Wolbachia genotypes were found in Palearctic populations with a predominance of the wMel variant. The mtDNA haplotypes of the I_II_III clade and V clade were prevalent in Palearctic populations. To test the recent Wolbachia genotype replacement hypothesis, we examined three genomic regions of CS-like genotypes. Low genetic diversity was observed, only two haplotypes of the CS genotypes with a ‘CCG’ variant predominance were found. Conclusion The results of our survey of Wolbachia infection prevalence and genotype diversity in Palearctic D. melanogaster populations confirm previous studies. Wolbachia is ubiquitous in the Palearctic region. The wMel genotype is dominant with local occurrence of rare genotypes. Together with variants of the V mtDNA clade, the variants of the ‘III+’ clade are dominant in both infected and uninfected flies of Palearctic populations. Based on our data on Wolbachia and mtDNA in different years in some Palearctic localities, we can conclude that flies that survive the winter make the predominant symbiont contribution to the subsequent generation. A comprehensive overview of mtDNA and Wolbachia infection of D. melanogaster populations worldwide does not support the recent glob...

Р . -, , . Spialia orbifer (HОspОrТТНКО). -. -151 . AbstraМt. IЧ ЭСО ПТПЭС МШЦЦЮЧТМКЭТШЧ ШЧ ЭСО ЛЮЭЭОrПХТОs ШП NШЯШsТЛТrsФ PrШЯТЧМО, ЧОа НКЭК ШЧ rКrО, ХШМКХ КЧН prШЛХОЦКЭ-ТМ spОМТОs МШЧsТНОrОН ТЧ prОЯТШЮs МШЦЦЮЧТМКЭТШЧs КrО prШ-ЯТНОН. Spialia orbifer (HОspОrТТНКО) Тs rОpШrЭОН ПШr ЭСО ПТrsЭ ЭТЦО ПrШЦ NШЯШsТЛТrsФ PrШЯТЧМО. Melitaea plotina СКs НТsКp-pОКrОН ПrШЦ ТЭs СКЛТЭКЭ ТЧ ЭСО SСКНrТФСК RТЯОr ЯКХХОв НЮО ЭШ ЧКЭЮrКХ sЮММОssТШЧ ШП НКЦp sОНРО ЦОКНШа ЭШаКrНs ЭКХХ sОНРО-СОrЛКМОШЮs ЦОКНШа. IЧ ЭШЭКХ, 151 ЛЮЭЭОrПХв spОМТОs СКЯО ЛООЧ rОХТКЛХв rОМШrНОН ПШr ЭСО PrШЯТЧМО, ЧКЦОХв 15 (9.9 %) HОspОrТТНКО (6 HОspОrТТЧКО, 9 PвrРТЧКО); 3 (2.0 %) (PКpТХТШЧ-pКХОШ(sЮЛ)ЭrШpТМКХ spОМТОs (М. 0.7 % ШП ЭСО ПКЮЧК ОКМС). TСО ШЧХв spОМТОs (0.7 %) аТЭС К sЦКХХ rКЧРО (ПrШЦ ЭСО SКХКТrsФТв KrвКгС ЭШ SКвКЧs) Тs Erebia theano. IЧ sЮЦЦКrв, ЭСО ЛЮЭЭОrПХв ПКЮЧК ШП NШЯШsТЛТrsФ PrШЯТЧМО ТЧМХЮНОs 42 (27.8 %) аОsЭОrЧ spОМТОs, 24 (15.9 %) ОКsЭОrЧ spОМТОs, КЧН 85 spОМТОs (56.3 %) аТЭС rКЧРОs ЧШЭ sСТПЭОН ЭШ ОТЭСОr AЭХКЧЭТМ ШП PКМТПТМ sТНО ШП EЮrКsТК; СОЧМО ЭСО ПКЮЧК ТЧ РОЧОrКХ СКs К «аОsЭОrЧ» КspОМЭ. *Spialia orbifer (HüЛЧОr, 1823)

The article deals with the study of various aspects of the impact of digitalization on the level and quality of life, manifested in the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Information and communication technologies have consolidated their status as the infrastructure that supports socioeconomic interaction in crisis periods. For many Russians, the high spread of ICT in the country has become a significant factor in maintaining the previous standard of living in conditions when it is rapidly falling under the pressure of general isolation. The author reveals that certain forms of digitalization of medicine also cause an ambiguous reaction of society. The impact of ICTs on quality of life in the context of a pandemic has been analyzed based on the data from the World Health Organization. The high importance of trust between society and the state in the fight against COVID-19 has been emphasized, digital monitoring of citizens, in particular. International experience has been systematized: positive and negative examples of such tracking systems in Russia and the world, in general, have been considered. Two management attitudes underlying the social technologies of digital monitoring are identified. The first is based on preventing the spread of the disease by informing and predetermines making decisions by the user. The second is based on self-control of the patient: the citizen must prove compliance with the established rules, violation of which is punishable. It is proved that the application «Social monitoring» used by the authorities of Moscow belongs to the second category. The digital tools, which are already available to the authorities and, when finalized, could be a full-fledged alternative to this application (which received a negative assessment of the city's residents) are mentioned. The impact of COVID-19 on the quality of employment has been manifested not only in a significant increase in remote employment, which contributes to the development of digitalization but also to the growth of risks of unstable employment. The economic situation has deteriorated sharply, but some of the measures taken by the authorities have had the effect of keeping the majority of Russians the same standard of living. ICTs have also played a role in this - the widespread use has allowed most employers to cope with the task of working remotely. However, it is more difficult to guarantee compliance with labour rights remotely, including the balance of working and personal time. In addition, in the conditions of self-isolation, the problems of technostress, and various socio-psychological problems caused by the use of ICT have sharply worsened.

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