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Two species of anurans (Rana temporaria and Bufo bufo) were sampled from 4 different sites in kubwa metropolis of the FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. A total of 172 anurans were collected and the blood and digestive tracks were examined for the presence of haemoparasites and intestinal parasites using thick and thin blood smears and the microscopic examination of the intestine. Blood parasites recovered were Trypanosoma rotatarium and microfilarial worms while intestinal parasites recovered were Oxysomatium sp, Rhabdia sp, Mesoceolium burti, Nyetotherus cordiformis and Opalina ranarum. The results revealed 84.78% of Rana temporaria were parasitized and 95.34% of Bufo bufo were parasitized. Males of Rana temporaria were more infected (97.72%) than the females (72.91%) while the females (96.07%) of Bufo bufo were more infected than the males (94.28%). The prevalence of heamoparasites was dominated by microfilarial worms with (79.65%) of the two species of anurans being infected while (70.34%) harboured Trypanosoma rotatarium. The prevalence of the intestinal parasites was dominated by Opalina ranarum (84.88%), followed by Oxysomatium sp (58.72%), Rhabdia sp (52.32%), Mesocoelium burti (48.25%) and Nyetotherus cordiformis (44.18%) From the results, it was observed that they are no significant relationships between the prevalence and composition of parasites found in the anurans with respect to their gender. This work provides an overview on how anurans can be implicated in the spread of diseases and parasites.

The current investigation deals with phytochemical screening and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of crude ethanol leaf extract and three fractions of crude ethanol leaf-extract of Nauclea diderrichii. Phytochemical test to screen bioactive compounds was carried out via standard protocols which uncovered the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and carbohydrates, extraction was done using absolute ethanol to afford the crude extract (Nd-ET) while maceration was done using solvents of different polarity gradient (petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate) to afford the remaining fractions (Nd-F1, Nd-F2 and Nd-F3). The antiplasmodial activity of the crude-extract and those of crude-extract-fractions against plasmodium falciparum unveil promising percentage elimination at all concentrations, with ethanol crude extract (Nd-ET) and ethyl acetate fraction (Nd-F3) having the highest, with 75.50% and 72.65% at 625µg/ml, and 87.83% and 86.33% at 5000µg/ml, respectively. These results clearly indicated that the active compounds present in the crude leaf extract/fractions of Nauclea diderrichii are highly potent eliminators of plasmodium falciparum and validate their popular usage in folk medicine in Gusau Local Government, Zamfara State, Nigeria, for the treatment of malaria.