ResumoAnalisa-se o impacto do sexo e da origem sócio-cultural na nota de candidatura e nos cursos escolhidos no Ensino Superior, assim como nas dificuldades antecipadas e no rendimento académico no final do 1º ano de frequência universitária. O estudo tomou 1407 estudantes da Universidade do Minho. Os resultados apontam que o sexo, a par do nível sócio-cultural das famílias, influencia a escolha de cursos (mais estudantes do sexo feminino e das classes mais desfavorecidas frequentam cursos de ciências sociais, ao passo que mais estudantes do sexo masculino e das classes mais favorecidas o fazem em cursos de engenharia). Verifica-se ainda que os estudantes do sexo feminino e mais favorecidos socialmente apresentam notas mais elevadas de candidatura ao Ensino Superior e na média no final do 1º ano. Em relação às dificuldades antecipadas, os estudantes do sexo feminino e dos cursos de ciências sociais e económicas antecipam mais dificuldades interpessoais, enquanto os alunos do sexo masculino e a frequentar cursos de engenharia e de ciências económicas o revelam em relação à aprendizagem e à organização das tarefas diárias. A antecipação de dificuldades de aprendizagem relaciona-se ainda de forma negativa e estatisticamente significativa tanto com a nota de ingresso como com a média no final do 1º ano. Palavras-chave: Acesso ao ensino superior; sucesso académico; género; origem sócio-cultural.
AbstractWe analyse the impact of gender and sociocultural origin of freshmen from their college entrance exam scores and chosen undergraduate courses, as well the anticipation of difficulties in academic adaptation, and in academic success, at the end of their first year in college. The study's sample consists of 1407 freshman students from the Universidade do Minho. Results show that gender and sociocultural family background influence the courses that are chosen (most female students and students from less advantaged social class origins attended Social Science courses, whereas most male students and students from more advantaged social class origins attended Engineering courses). Higher sociocultural status and female students presented higher entrance exam scores and averaged better academic achievement at the end of their first year in college. Concerning anticipated difficulties, female students and students from Social and Economic Science courses anticipated more inter-personal difficulties, while male students and students from Engineering and Economic Science courses anticipated more difficulties in relation to learning and organizing daily activities. The anticipation of learning difficulties was associated in a negative and statistical way with entrance exam scores and academic achievement.
The main purpose of this study was to adapt the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) for use with Spanish students and to examine the psychometric properties of the scores. The adapted version of the scale was applied to a sample of 300 first-year university students. The internal consistency of the full scale and of the subscales was adequate, although the structure of the scale, analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, did not fit satisfactorily to the four-factor model proposed by Baker and Siryk. The goodness of fit of each of four one-factor models, corresponding to each subscale, was tested separately in order to propose a short form of the scale. The resulting scale, comprising 50 items, shows high internal consistency and the relationships between its dimensions are consistent with those obtained in other studies.
A transição do Ensino Secundário para o Ensino Superior confronta os jovens com inúmeros desafios. A par das mudanças desenvolvimentais operadas no final da adolescência e no início da vida adulta, o ingresso no Ensino Superior confronta, ainda, os jovens com uma série de outros desafios que implicam, muitas vezes, e pela primeira vez, o sair de casa, a separação da família e dos amigos, o confronto com um meio, para a grande maioria, totalmente desconhecido, o tornar-se autónomo, decidir quem se é e o que se quer fazer da vida
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