In the current study, we investigate the dynamic association of tourism, renewable energy, income, foreign direct investment (FDI), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 e) for Pakistan over 1990-2017. We established four plausible hypotheses and verified by employing the autoregressive distributed lags model and Granger causality based on vector error correction model (VECM). Considering the cointegration relationship between the variables, the outcomes of autoregressive distributed lags suggested that tourism increases economic growth, and economic growth induces tourism in the long-run, thus confirming tourismled development, and growth-led tourism hypothesis; similarly, the tourism generates CO 2 e emissions, which supported the tourism-led emission hypothesis. The role of renewable energy consumption found to be a significant moderator, thus helping to enrich tourism, accelerating economic growth, and combating CO 2 e in the country. VECM causal results indicated the significant bidirectional causal linkages between tourism and economic growth-another causality found between tourism and CO 2 e. There is one-way causality from FDI and renewable energy towards income simultaneously. Overall, the designers of policies will find this study useful for policymaking at government levels for smooth economic growth, investment, and sustainable tourism sector.

Environmental impact of tourism is a critical issue in the mountain regions around the world. This research aims to study the eco-tourists and their attitude towards environment during their visit to the Hunza Valley. The data were collected by a set of questionnaires distributed among 300 foreign tourists who visited Hunza for the tourism activities, and 10 questionnaires were distributed to tour leaders to get their opinions about which type of tourist is pro-environment tourist. Questionnaires were processed though Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Geographic Information System (GIS) software (ArcMap 9.2) was also used for mapping of the study area. The research outcomes revealed that eco-tourists strongly agreed that their behavior is positive towards environmental preservation, following the codes of conduct, local laws and customs, and caring about health issues.The majority of tour leaders also ranked eco-tourists as pro-environment tourists. On the basis of the results, the authors recommend to attract more eco-tourists in the Hunza Valley because of their friendly nature towards the environment.