Salmonellosis is an important food-borne disease affecting both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and antibiogram of Salmonella species from raw and fermented milk. The results showed that out of the 350 milk samples examined 14 (4.0%) were positive for salmonella. The prevalence of Salmonella is higher in raw milk (4.6%) than in fermented milk (3.4%) with no statistical difference (P>0.05) between them. The prevalence of both raw (75.0%) and fermented milk (83.33%) is significantly higher (P<0.05) in SabonGari LGA than in Giwa LGA with 25.0% and 16.67% respectively. No salmonella was isolated from the all the 50 raw and 78 fermented milk examined from Zaria LGA. The antibiotic susceptibility test showed that ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were 100% susceptible, while chloramphenicol, kanamycin, nalidixic acid showed 93% susceptible each. Others are streptomycin and tetracycline (64.3%), amoxicillin (21.4%), ampicillin and erythromycin (14.3%) and lincomycin (0%). This connotes that all the Salmonella isolates were 100% resistance to lincomycin, 85.7% to erythromycin, 85.7% to ampicillin and 78.6% to amoxicillin. The antibiotic resistance pattern of 14 Salmonella isolates from raw and fermented milk showed 9 different resistance patterns of the11 antimicrobial agents used. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test showed that only 1(7.1%) of the isolate was sensitive to Amoxicillin with < 0.12 while the remaining 9 (98.9%) were resistant to the two antibiotics used (AML and E) with >256.

Introduction:In children with celiac disease, gluten intake causes an autoimmune, inflammatory and progressive lesion of the small intestine villi, compromising the absorption of nutrients and possible damage to others organs. Objective: To determine plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in Chilean child and adolescents with celiac disease. Patients and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in which 16 pediatric patients of both genders diagnosed with celiac disease participated. General background, nutritional status and biochemical parameters were determined. Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were classified as sufficient between 30-100 ng/ ml, insufficient between 20-30 ng/ml and deficient as <20 ng/ml. Results: The age of the patients was between 5 and 18 years (age: 11 ± 4 years). Four out of 16 participants had normal 25(OH)D concentrations, eight had insufficient concentrations and one had deficient concentrations. According to BMI, 11 patients had normal nutritional status, four were overweight and one was obese. In relation to height, seven out of 16 cases presented short stature and normal-low height. Associating 25(OH)D concentrations to nutritional status, nine patients with normal nutritional status, two with overweight and one with obesity presented deficient and insufficient parameters. No significant associations were found between 25(OH)D concentrations and all studied variables. Conclusion: A high frequency of insufficiency and deficiency of 25(OH)D was found in the group of Chilean children and adolescents with celiac disease.