The prevalence of the strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is continuously increasing at the global level. The appearance of ESBL enzymes represents a danger for the efficacy of treatments with beta-lactam antibiotics (Măciucă I., 2015). The aim of the study resided in assessing the prevalence of ESBL-positive strains of E. coli and K. pneumoniae in pets that were treated with antibiotics (Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Cefadroxil) for various bacterial infectious diseases. In February 2015, 29 faeces samples were collected at the rectal level from dogs and cats. The samples were collected with the help of sterile buffers. For the screening of the strains of (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, the Oxoid Brilliance chromogenic ESBL Agar medium was used, a specific medium for the isolation of (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae because it contains cefpodoxim, a second-generation cephalosporin to which all the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains are resistant. The phenotypic confirmation of the isolated ESBL strains was achieved by using the combined disc method (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2014). The taxonomic classification of the strains that were isolated was achieved by testing some minimal biochemical characteristics with the help of the MIU, TSI, EMBA, TBX tests. The E. coli ATCC 25922 and K.pneumoniae ATCC 700603 strains were used as a reference for quality control for the antibiotic sensitivity test.The results have been interpreted according to the CLSI 2014 standard. As a result of sample processing, we noticed a prevalence of 62.06% in the individuals who were carriers of E. coli and K. Pneumoniae ESBL-positive strains.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of β-lactamase (TEM, SHV, OXA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and genes encoding plasmid mediated resistance to quinolones (PMQR) in extended spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from dog faeces from two shelters in the North-East of Romania. Eighty-eight faecal samples from healthy dogs were analysed by cultivation on Brilliance ESBL medium (Oxoid, UK), followed by phenotipic ESBL screening using combination disc test (CDT). Identification of the E. coli strains was performed by uidA/uspA gene PCR. Susceptibility testing was performed on Mueller-Hinton Agar, with β-lactam and non-β-lactam agents. Identification of β-lactamase genes (blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA) and PMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) was performed by PCR as previously described. Twenty eight ESC-resistant E. coli (31.81%) were obtained and (n=21/28, 75%) of these were confirmed as ESBLs and showed resistance to cefpodoxime (n=21/28, 75%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (n=19/21; 90.48%), and enrofloxacin (n=8/21; 38.09%). Predominant ESBL types were CTX-M-1 (n=15/17, 88.24%) and CTX-M-9 (n=2/17, 11.76%) enzymes. TEM and SHV enzymes were identified in 17.86% and 14.29% of the ESC-resistant isolates, whilst some isolates (n=4) carried only blaTEM and blaSHV. The prevalence of PMQR genes was 28.57% of the 28 ESC resistant isolates, consisting of qnrS (62.5%) and qnrB (37.5%). These findings indicate a high prevalence of ESBLs and PMQR associated resistance E. coli in the normal faecal microbiota of dogs from shelters, which carries the risk for dissemination of these resistance genes to other animals, human or the environment.

Thirty-one strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa of human origin from The Institute of Cardiovascular Disease "Prof. Dr. George I. M. Georgescu" Iasi were tested by disc diffusion method. According to the results, the strains were classi ied as MDR, XDR or PDR. The recent recommendations by Magiorakos et al., 2012 were used to de ine MDR, XDR and PDR The quality control of the study was carried out with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain ATCC 27853. A number of 26 of the 31 tested strains were found as MDR, 5 strains were included in the XDR group, no PDR strains were found in this study.

Romania has a long tradition in the field of veterinary medicine, interest in which can be traced back to the early nineteenth century. There are four main veterinary educational centers in Romania, one for each province: the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Bucharest in the south; the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Cluj-Napoca in the northwest; the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Iaşi in the northeast; and the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Timişoara in the south west. The authors of this article are faculty members representing each of these schools.

The emergence of infections with extendedspectrum beta-lactamase enzyme-producing bacte ria is continuously rising, and the resistance mechanism determined by these enzymes influences the first-line treatment with beta-lactams in anti-infectious therapy both of human and of animal origin (Nóbrega, 2014 Abstract Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzymes are resistant to betalactam agents and are also commonly multidrug resistant being associated with the resistance to other classes of antibiotics.The aim of our study was to characterise resistance patterns in non-beta-lactam antibiotics of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from faecal matter of pets and owners.The study was carried out on 63 samples of faecal matter (42 from pets and 21 from owners). The ESBL screening was carried out using the Brilliance ESBL Oxoid chromogenic medium. The isolated strains that generated characteristic presumptive ESBL-producing colonies were cultivated on 5% sheep blood medium for the extraction of bacterial DNA using the boiled preps technique. The confirmation of E. coli species was performed molecularly based on the detection of bla uidA and bla uspA genes. Other Enterobacteriaceae species were identified based on the minimum biochemical characteristics using the MIU and TSI medium. The phenotypical confirmation of presumptive ESBL-producing strains was carried out using the Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) using a combination of 3 rd generation cephalosporins and beta-lactamase inhibitor agents. The determination of the resistance degree in other classes of antibiotics was carried out through the Kirby-Bauer diffusimetric method, and the results were interpreted according to the CLSI standard.Following the species investigation of isolates, 60/63 (95.28%) belonged to the E. coli species and 3/63 (4.72%) to the K. pneumoniae species. Animal isolates were resistant to sulphonamides (54.76% resistance to SXT), fluoroquinolones (45.23% resistance to ENR) and tetracyclines (54.75% resistance to TE). In addition to strains of animal origin for isolates of human origin, an increased resistance has been noticed to phenicols and aminoglycosides.This study has identified a high prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains and associated with multidrug resistance for pets and their owners.