We examined habitat‐use patterns in a fish assemblage in a large warmwater stream in West Virginia. Fish species and life stage composition and densities differed among habitat types, and five habitat‐use guilds (edge pool, middle pool, edge channel, riffle, and generalist) were proposed. Larger centrarchids used deep habitats with slow velocities, whereas young centrarchids used shallower habitat. Juvenile and adult smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui were nearly ubiquitous in the habitats of the study area, although densities were highest among snags. Minnows and darters used shallower areas, but the range of velocity used differed among species and life stages. Vegetated and channel edge habitats served as nursery areas. Total fish densities were highest in edge pool, backwaters, snags, edge riffles, and riffles. Nearshore, structurally complex habitats seem important in influencing the assemblage structure of fishes of large streams.

No abstract

Riverine fish populations depend on habitats supporting their resource and life history needs. Dynamic streamflow caused by river regulation or natural events influences the distribution of downstream habitat characteristics. Through studying habitat selection, we can identify the most utilized and valuable habitats for the success of native fishes. We determined seasonal habitat selection of two common, native fish species on the Osage River downstream of Bagnell Dam, a hydroelectric dam in central Missouri, from April 2016 to June 2017 using radio telemetry. Spotted Bass (Micropterus punctulatus) are nest‐guarders, sight feeders, and habitat generalists, whereas Shorthead Redhorse (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) are fluvial dependent, migratory, and benthic feeders. Bayesian discrete choice analyses determined that both species selected particular water depth, velocity, and presence of submerged cover in some or all seasons, even as available habitat changed. Spotted Bass selected water depths <4.0 m near submerged cover during all seasons, low velocity during spring and summer, and near‐bank habitat in all seasons except spring. Shorthead Redhorse used fast flowing habitat during spring, 0.4–1.1 m/s velocity during summer, and low velocity in fall and winter (0.1–0.5 m/s). Shorthead Redhorse used submerged cover in all seasons except summer and selected specific ranges of depth within spring (2.4–4.4 m), summer (3.3–6.7 m), and winter (1.1–2.3 m). Our findings suggest that maintaining habitats with cover and diverse water depths and velocities, particularly both low and high velocity habitats during spring, may promote resilience by providing beneficial habitats for native fishes.

THERE is an ever present need for improvement in the quality of education. This requires continuous examination of the methods and techniques of instruction used in the schools of America. Major obstacles in attaining the most effective use of the skills and talents of teachers in secondary schools have been the stumbling blocks caused by the rigidity of ideas about school staffing, class size, and programming and scheduling. Over the years a pattern of planning has developed which has required that teachers meet with a limited number of students at a specific time, day after day. Two overriding aims have been to restrict teacher load to a reasonable level and to routinize, and consequently lighten, the task of organization. The intent and results have produced certain advantages.However, even though some problems have been avoided or lessened, serious difficulties have developed from the unthoughtful adherence to comfortable concepts and practices in making school schedules, setting the size of classes, and programming for instructional excellence. Some of these deficiencies are: poor investment of time because of lack of attention to the adjustment of the size of groups to the type of activities; the curtailing of educational opportunities for students by arbitrary limits of space, time, and teacher talent; the stifling of the initiative and creative performance of teachers caused by undue regimentation imposed by a &dquo;five-by-five&dquo; schedule; the failure to place sufficient individual responsibility for self-improvement upon pupils; the construction of school buildings designed in terms of the concept of classes of 25 to 35, and the resulting restriction of innovation in school practices; and the sacrifice of flexibility in order to achieve stability in educational planning.The typical secondary-school schedule today shows careful planning and hard work. Most principals have become quite adept at setting up a device with which pupils and teachers can be manipulated in and out of at DUQUESNE UNIV on July 10, 2015 bul.sagepub.com Downloaded from

State Capitol, Salt Lake City, Utah. OUR state-wide approach to staff utilization studies was explained and documented in the BULLETIN a year ago. At that time the status of the three studies in process-namely, the Junior High School Evaluative Criteria, Physics Film, and Core programs-was discussed. Final reports on the first two studies and an interim report on the core study appeared in the January 1959 issue of the BULLETIN.As we approached the current year, we found our research moving naturally in the direction of experimental changes in class schedules, student groupings, and team teaching in both junior and senior high schools. This movement is exhibited in the four new projects initiated this year. A brief description of these projects follows. PRO JECT AT HURRICANE HIGH SCHOOLThis is a study of the possibilities of more effective use of teachers and improved techniques of instructing language arts in grades ten, eleven, and twelve. The grade classification and registration of pupils in English is discontinued and pupils have been registered in classes according to individual needs and achievement. A set of criteria for determining needs and achievement has been developed.The growth of pupil learning in the new instructional pattern is being studied and evaluated by means of a series of standardized tests. Also being studied is the better utilization of teacher time by having classes so adjusted and scheduled that at times the regular groups may be combined for instructional purposes giving teachers more time for preparation. Also, the schedule is so arranged that the teachers involved can do joint planning.These two projects are similar in organizational pattern and purposes. However, they represent unlike sections of the state and quite different environmental and social factors in their respective school districts. Each school is being used as a check upon the other in various aspects of the project as the study proceeds.The projects are both based upon the use of teaching teams for instruction in language arts, United States history, and personal citizenship to variable sized groups of pupils in the eighth grade. One team consists of three teachers and the other of four teachers. In addition, the librarian plays an important role in one of the teams. The instructional pattern, while varying in the two schools, is based upon the teaching of a large group by a single teacher on some days of the week and a breakdown into smaller groups on other days.The utilization aspect of the study covers an evaluation of the time saved to teachers by the variable pattern of instruction and the better use of individual teacher's talents for variable group instruction. Also, pupil achievement and interest are being determined in comparison with eighth-grade control classes in the same district studying under the traditional pattern. LOGAN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PRO JECTThis is an experimental study designed to evaluate the use of paraprofessional assistants in improving a language arts program. It is based upon a more eff...