In this paper injective real W*-algebras are investigated. It is shown that injectivity is equivalent to the property of E (extension property). It is proven that a real W*-algebra is injective iff its hermitian part is injective, and it is equivalent to, that the enveloping W*-algebra is also injective. Moreover, it is shown that if the second dual space of a real C*-algebra is injective, then the real C*-algebra is nuclear.

In this work, we consider the second order nonlinear integro-differential Equation (IDEs) of the Volterra-Fredholm type. One of the popular methods for solving Volterra or Fredholm type IDEs is the method of quadrature while the problem of consideration is a linear problem. If IDEs are nonlinear or integral kernel is complicated, then quadrature rule is not most suitable; therefore, other types of methods are needed to develop. One of the suitable and effective method is homotopy analysis method (HAM) developed by Liao in 1992. To apply HAM, we firstly reduced the IDEs into nonlinear integral Equation (IEs) of Volterra-Fredholm type; then the standard HAM was applied. Gauss-Legendre quadrature formula was used for kernel integrations. Obtained system of algebraic equations was solved numerically. Moreover, numerical examples demonstrate the high accuracy of the proposed method. Comparisons with other methods are also provided. The results show that the proposed method is simple, effective and dominated other methods.

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It is known that injective (complex or real) W ∗ -algebras with particular factors have been studied well enough. In the arbitrary cases, i.e., in noninjective case, to investigate (up to isomorphism) W ∗ -algebras is hard enough, in particular, there exist continuum pairwise nonisomorphic noninjective factors of type II. Therefore, it seems interesting to study maximal injective W ∗ -subalgebras and subfactors. On the other hand, the study of maximal injective W ∗ -subalgebras and subfactors is also related to the well-known von Neumann’s bicommutant theorem. In the complex case, such subalgebras were investigated by S. Popa, L. Ge, R. Kadison, J. Fang, and J. Shen. In recent years, studies have also begun in the real case. Let us briefly recall the relevance of considering the real case. It is known that in the works of D. Topping and E. Stormer, it was shown that the study of JW-algebras (nonassociative real analogues of von Neumann algebras) of types II and III is essentially reduced to the study of real W ∗ -algebras of the corresponding type. It turned out that the structure of real W ∗ -algebras, generally speaking, differs essentially in the complex case. For example, in the finite-dimensional case, in addition to complex and real matrix algebras, quaternions also arise, i.e., matrix algebras over quaternions. In the infinite-dimensional case, it is proved that there exist, up to isomorphism, two real injective factors of type III λ ( 0 < λ < 1 ), and a countable number of pairwise nonisomorphic real injective factors of type III 0 , whose enveloping (complex) W ∗ -factors are isomorphic, is constructed. It follows from the above that the study of the real analogue of problems in the theory of operator algebras is topical. Moreover, the real analogue is a generalization of the complex case, since the class of real linear operators is much wider than the class of complex linear operators. In this paper, the maximal injective real W ∗ -subalgebras of real W ∗ -algebras or real factors are investigated. For real factors Q ⊂ R , it is proven that if Q + i Q is a maximal injective W ∗ -subalgebra in R + i R , then Q also is a maximal injective real W ∗ -subalgebra in R . The converse is proved in the case “ II 1 ”-factors, that is, it is shown that if R is a real factor of type II 1 , then the maximal injectivity of Q implies the maximal injectivity of Q + i Q . Moreover, it is proven that a maximal injective real subfactor Q of a real factor R is a maximal injective real W ∗ -subalgebra in R if and only if Q is irreducible in R , i.e., Q ′ ∩ R = ℝ I where I is the unit. The “splitting theorem” of Ge-Kadison in the real case is also proven, namely, if R 1 is a finite real factor, R 2 is a finite real W ∗ -algebra, and R is a real W ∗ -subalgebra of R 1 ⊗ ¯ R 2 containing R 1 ⊗ ¯ ℝ I , then there is some real W ∗ -subalgebra Q 2 ⊂ R 2 such that R = R 1 ⊗ ¯ Q 2 . Moreover, it is given some affirmative answers to the question of S. Popa for the real case.

In this paper, we study injective and nuclear real W*- and C*-algebras. The connection of these concepts with similar concepts of enveloping W*- and C*-algebras is considered. The equivalence of the concepts of injectivity and nuclearity for real C*-algebras is shown. As a consequence, nuclear real factors of types II1, II, III1, III0 and III (0 1) are completely described.