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Aim. To improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with esophageal diverticulum of various localization using intraoperative intraluminal endoscopy. Materials and Methods: The Department of Surgery of the Esophagus and Stomach, the Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, has accumulated a large experience in treating diverticulosis patients. Thus, during the 2010–2018 period, 74 patients with esophageal diverticula of various localization were operated. Out of them, 56 (75.7 %), 10 (13.5 %) and 8 (10.8 %) patients underwent surgical treatment with respect to faringo-esophageal, bifurcation and epiphrenic diverticula, respectively. The patients were divided into two groups: 31 people (41.9 %) in the main group underwent diverticulectomy with intraoperative intraluminal endoscopic assistance (IVEA), while 43 (58.1 %) people in the control group underwent diverticulectomy without IVEA. Intraoperatively, at the stage of discovering diverticulum, the endoscopist applied transillumination and air insufflation in the cavity of the diverticulum, followed by controlling the mobilization of diverticulum. At the resection stage, the completeness of the surgical removal was controlled, along with the absence of esophageal lumen narrowing after sewing the neck of the diverticulum using a linear stapler.Results. The average duration of the operation in patients with Zenker’s diverticula and those in the control group was 45.5 ± 8.8 min and 73.8 ± 12.7 min (p < 0.05), respectively. In patients with the diverticula of the middle and lower third of the esophagus, the average surgery duration was equal to 120.3 ± 11.2 min and 150.5 ± 17.3 (p <0.05) min in the main and control groups, respectively. Radiological examination 2–3 days after surgery revealed no complications in the main group. In the control group, 2 (4.7 %) patients showed a small leakage of the contrast agent outside the esophagus (stopped conservatively). Signs of mild dysphagia when taking solid foods were detected in 1 (2.4 %) patient of the control group. This condition was associated with excessive ingress of the esophageal wall into the apparatus suture, which led to a slight narrowing of its lumen. No patients with dysphagia in the postoperative period were recorded in the main group. Conclusion: The combination of surgical treatment of esophageal diverticula with IVEA allows the duration of surgery to be optimized, deformation of the esophageal lumen to be avoided, possible complications to be minimized, thereby improving the results of surgical treatment.

This analysis is based on the study of materials from scientific electronic libraries (elibrary.ru, PubMed, scientific library of the Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow, Russia). The problem of treating the pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract is caused by the high prevalence of benign and malignant diseases of this zone, their severity, the complexity of diagnosis and often the low efficiency of conservative therapy. Intensive implementation of innovative scientific technologies in medical practice, aimed at increasing the effectiveness of treatment and diagnostic measures, minimizing their negative impact on the patient’s body and reducing the risk of complications, which, at the same time, have sufficient economic attractiveness. In full, all of the above can be attributed to endoscopy, which has been actively developing in recent years, both in the diagnostic and in the operational areas. In the treatment of various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in recent years, combined methods based on the use of two or more minimally invasive technologies, for example, endoluminal endoscopic and thoraco or laparoscopic methods, have entered the world practice. The data of scientific articles on the problem of surgical treatment of patients with benign and malignant diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract, carried out using intraoperative intraluminal endoscopic assistant, are analyzed. The use of intraluminal endoscopy, in particular, allows to increase the radicality of surgical interventions in patients with malignant neoplasms of the upper gastrointestinal tract, perform intraoperative topical diagnosis of non-palpable tumors, and use it in the surgical treatment of esophageal diverticulums of various localization. Also, another area of application of intraoperative intraluminal endoscopy is the assessment of tightness and anastomosis zone during surgical interventions on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. However, this technique is in the process of implementation in clinical practice and has not been sufficiently studied both in foreign and domestic literature.

Представлен аналитический обзор литературы по минимально инвазивной видеоэндоскопической хирургии доброкачественных заболеваний пищевода. Приведена краткая историческая справка развития торакоскопической хирургии пищевода. Отмечено, что преимущества видеоэндоскопических технологий позволяют сократить сроки лечения, снизить частоту осложнений и летальных исходов, что является основанием для их широкого внедрения в хирургическую практику при ряде доброкачественных заболеваний пищевода. Подчеркнута актуальность данной темы, в частности, установлено, что использование торакоскопического доступа при истинных дивертикулах грудного отдела пищевода сопряжено с минимальной травматизацией тканей, однако высокий риск развития специфических осложнений и технические особенности оперативных вмешательств при этих заболеваниях требуют тщательного изучения. Проведенное сравнительное исследование торакоскопического и лапароскопического вариантов выполнения традиционной операции Геллера при лечении ахалазии кардии показало преимущества последнего. Также отмечено, что показания к мини-инвазивной резекции при доброкачественных образованиях пищевода, выполняемой из торакоскопического доступа, должны носить абсолютный характер с оценкой соотношения риск-польза. Авторы делают вывод, что использование малоинвазивных хирургических технологий в лечении доброкачественных заболеваний пищевода перспективно, однако их безопасность, клиническая эффективность и экономическая целесообразность требуют дальнейшего критического изучения и осмысления.