Recent studies have evaluated the role of direct radiation exposure in neurodegenerative disorders; however, association among indirect effects of radiation and neurodegenerative diseases remains rarely discussed. The objective of this study was to estimate the relative risk of neurodegeneration due to direct and indirect effects of radiation. (60)Co gamma ray was used as source of direct radiation whereas irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM) was used to mimic the indirect effect of radiation. To determine the potency of ICCM to inhibit neuronal cells survival colony forming assay was performed. The role of ICCM to induce apoptosis in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells was estimated by TUNEL assay and Annexin V/PI assay. Level of oxidative stress and the concentration of inflammatory cytokines after exposing to direct radiation and ICCM were evaluated by ELISA method. Expression of key apoptotic protein following direct and indirect radiation exposure was investigated by western blot technique. Experimental data manifest that ICCM account loss of cell survival and increase apoptotic induction in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells that was dependent on time and dose. Moreover, ICCM stimulate significant release of inflammatory cytokines i.e., tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha (P < 0.01), Interleukin-1 (IL-1, P < 0.001), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6, P < 0.001) in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells and elevate the level of oxidative stress (MDA, P < 0.01). Up-regulation of key apoptotic protein expression i.e., Bax, Bid, cytochrome C, caspase-8 and caspase-3 confirms the toxicity of ICCM to neuronal cells. This study provides the evidence that indirect effect of radiation can be as much damaging to neuronal cells as direct radiation exposure can be. Hence, more focused research on estimation risks of indirect effect of radiation to CNS at molecular level may help to reduce the uncertainty about cure and cause of several neurodegenerative disorders.

Distraction, drowsiness, and fatigue are the main factors of car accidents recently. To solve such problems, an Eye-tracking system based on camera is proposed in this paper. The system detects the driver's Distraction or sleepiness and gives an alert to the driver as an assistance system. The camera best position is chosen to be on the dashboard without distracting the driver. The system will detect the driver's face and eyes by using Viola-Jones Algorithm that includes Haar Classifiers that showed significant advantages regarding processing time and correct detection algorithms. A prepared scenario is tested in a designed simulator that is used to simulate real driving conditions in an indoor environment. The system is added in real-vehicle and tested in an outdoor environment. Whenever the system detects the distraction or sleepiness of the driver, the driver will be alerted through a displayed message on a screen and an audible sound for more attention. The results show the accuracy of the system with a correct detection rate of 82% for indoor tests and 72.8 % for the outdoor environment.

This descriptive study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of road safety among university students. The study was conducted among students in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia by means of questionnaire disseminated online via social media with shareable link to a Google form. The respondents were self-selected to participate in this study where their responses were self-administrated. Questionnaire consisted of 3 sections included demographic information, knowledge on road signs and road safety law, and road safety awareness. 371 students participated in this study, 66% of them age 23 to 27 years old, 61% were female, 92.5% of respondents have at least one type of license with majority agreed that occurrence of accidents resulted in an increase in road safety awareness. The study found that more than half of the participants could not recognise road sign like parking totally prohibited and speed limit ends here. While, 38% of them correctly identified posted speed limit for expressway. Overall, participants have fair understanding on road safety. Therefore, road safety programmes and education are still relevant to university students as young drivers on the road which is important to increase safety awareness.

Driving speed at school zone is an important concern on road safety. In Malaysia, the speed limit of 30km/hr is mandatory at school zone. Thus, this study aims to investigate the compliance of road users towards the speed limit and the signage at school zone and determine the factors of noncompliance. The research was conducted along the Federal Road of Batu Pahat and Ayer Hitam Johor FT050 (KM0-KM23) where 7 schools were situated. Methods used are spot speed and site visit as well as obtaining the road accident statistics from the Royal Malaysian Police. The data collected was analysed, those above 85th percentile speed and below 15th percentile speed did not comply with the speed limit imposed 30km/hr signs. The results show most of the road users failed to obey the 30kn/hr speed limit at all the study locations and the factor affecting this are aggressive driving and signage not meeting the required standards. As consequences, there in an increasing trend of road accidents along FT050.

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