Nasal mucosa offers advantages to deliver drugs to brain via olfactory route thus provides rapid onset of drug action and hence faster therapeutic effect. Therefore, various strategies have been proposed to improve the delivery of different drugs to brain including liposomes, colloidal drug carriers, micelles, chimeric peptide technology and nanotechnology through nasal route. The low blood level of folates is the primary cause of depression in Alzheimer's disease. Folic acid is a water soluble vitamin showing difficulty in crossing the blood brain barrier and thus was formulated as niosomal nasal drug delivery systems to target the brain. In the present work, folic acid niosomes were prepared using different nonionic surfactants i.e., span 20, span 60, span 80, tween 20, tween 80 and cholesterol by using lipid layer hydration technique. These were evaluated for particle size, viscosity, osmotic shock, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release. The influence of different formulation variables such as surfactant type, surfactant concentration, and cholesterol concentration was optimized for required size distribution, viscosity, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release. The prepared niosomes were in the size range of 3.05-5.625 µm. Niosomes prepared with span 60 and cholesterol in the ratio of 1:1 (50 mg: 50 mg) shown higher entrapment efficiency of 69.42% and better in vitro drug release of 64.2% at the end of 12 hrs and therefore considered as optimized formulation. The stability studies were carried out by storing niosomes at 4±1°C and 25±1°C and showed good stability over the period of storage. The release of drug from niosomes followed anomalous diffusion and obeyed first order release kinetics. Ex-vivo perfusion studies were also performed by using rat model, about 48.15% of drug was found to be absorbed through nasal cavity at the end of 6 hrs.

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There are many drugs including both plant and mineral origin, which cannot be utilized directly. Even though those drugs are having high therapeutic value, they can be utilized only after following proper Sodhana. Sodhana has a very important role to reduce the toxicity or Teekshanatha of those drugs. But if those drugs are taken accidently or without following Sodhana, it will shows toxic reactions. Prathyoushadas are the drugs which used as antidote in such conditions. In Prayogasamucchaya, Prathyoushadas were explained in Ekadasha Paricchedam under the context of Asudha Bhakshana Chikitsa. Here author had explained Prathyoushada not only for Upavishas but also for some of the plant and mineral origin drugs if consumed without following Sodhana. Hence in this work an attempt is made to review the Prathyoushada explained in Prayogasamucchaya

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