There are many drugs including both plant and mineral origin, which cannot be utilized directly. Even though those drugs are having high therapeutic value, they can be utilized only after following proper Sodhana. Sodhana has a very important role to reduce the toxicity or Teekshanatha of those drugs. But if those drugs are taken accidently or without following Sodhana, it will shows toxic reactions. Prathyoushadas are the drugs which used as antidote in such conditions. In Prayogasamucchaya, Prathyoushadas were explained in Ekadasha Paricchedam under the context of Asudha Bhakshana Chikitsa. Here author had explained Prathyoushada not only for Upavishas but also for some of the plant and mineral origin drugs if consumed without following Sodhana. Hence in this work an attempt is made to review the Prathyoushada explained in Prayogasamucchaya

Objective: The study is undertaken with the intention to document the pharmacognostic characters in order to ascertain identity, quality and authenticity of the crude drug. Further the Phytochemical class predomi-nantly to which the plant belongs will be of great importance contributing to its biological activity and ther-apeutic use. The tender leaves of Combretum latifolium(C. latifolium)Blume. are used to render the immune system strong. Combretum species are extensively used in traditional medicinal system from inflammation to diuretic. The present study is a step to unleash its phytochemical characterization which may be respon-sible for its biological activity. Pharmacognostic characters will serve the drugs identity and authentication. Materials and methods: Sample of crude plant material were collected around Udupi area and its identity was thus confirmed by botanist. Macro-microscopic study of the preserved specimen in the fixative was conducted in the department of Pharmacognosy and preliminary phytochemical test and HPTLC fingerprint of the leaf extract was carried out as per testing protocols. Results and Discussion: The unique microscopic characters of this leaf is arc shaped collateral vascular bundle which is encircled by pericylicfibre. Tri-chomes were found to be absent. Standardization parameters such as moisture content (8.97±0.01), total ash (5.83±0.16), acid insoluble ash (0.10±0.00), water soluble ash (3.19±0.01), alcohol soluble extractive value (7.79±0.01), water soluble extractive value (27.06±0.00) are conducted as a part to prove quality standards proposed by the guidelines. Conclusion: Microscopic characters, standardization parameters, HPTLC will serve as a fingerprint revealing various phytoconstituents pertaining to this plant material. Phy-toconstituents belonging to chemical groups such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, coumarins, resins were found to be present through qualitative screening tests. Proximate analysis involving total fat, fibre, protein, carbohydrates will appraise the total calorific value calculated by the formula (Carbohydrate ˟ 4) + (Fat ˟ 9) + (Protein ˟ 4).

Background - Asystasia Variabilis Trim. also known as Maithaala Kaddi by traditional practitioners of Udupi. Belonging to the family Acanthaceae. Is a semi-scandent herb, and effectively used by the Folklore practitioners for the management of Amlapitta (acid peptic disorder), worm infestations and rheumatism. Aim - To explore the pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical parameters of plant to standardize the drug. Materials and Methods - whole mature plant of A.variabilis was collected from Udupi district. Macroscopic, microscopic physico-chemical standards, HPTLC and secondary metabolites screening were scientifically recorded. Results - The pharmacognostical leaf study has shown single layered epidermis throughout midrib and lamina. Anatomical features of stem exhibit single layer of epidermis covered with trichomes. Inner to this, densely arranged collenchyma cells are present. In transverse section of root showed epidermal layer is surrounded by root hairs which are abundant. Powder microscopy characteristics showed the presence of starch in parenchyma region, mesophyll cells with stomata and sclerides were present. The standard out print of the drug is represented by physicochemical standards and HPTLC. Preliminary Phytochemical study shows that it contains Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Steroids, Tannins and Phenol. Conclusion - Pharmacognostical study carried out on A.variabilis showed quality standards of the drug, with respect to its macroscopy, microscopy, physico-chemical standards and HPTLC.

No abstract