The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of ginger extract on the sensory, physicochemical and biochemical properties of spent hen sausages. For this purpose, sausages were prepared into four different groups. They were as follows: broiler breast meat sausage without ginger extract, spent hen breast meat sausage without ginger extract, spent hen breast meat sausage with 2% ginger extract and spent hen breast meat sausage with 4% ginger extract. All parameters were analyzed at 0, 15th and 30th days of storage time. The proximate compositions of different sausage batters are analyzed and highly significant differences were found in pH, dry matter (DM)%, crude protein (CP)% and ether extract (EE)%, while no significant differences were found in cooking loss (%) and Ash (%) of sausage batter. While analyzing the different types of sausages, DM, CP and EE content of all treatments differ significantly (p<0.01). In contrast, DM and CP content increased significantly (p<0.01) with the advancement of different days of intervals. The FFA, POV and TBARS values were increased significantly (p<0.01) with prolonging the storage time. Significant differences were found among the sausages for its surface color. Flavor and overall acceptability were found significantly higher in broiler breast meat sausage and spent hen breast meat sausage with 2% ginger extract.  Juiciness and tenderness were higher in broiler breast meat sausage without ginger extract. Worst results in all sensory parameters were found in spent hen breast meat sausage without ginger extract and spent hen breast meat sausages incorporated with 4% ginger extract. It might be concluded that addition of ginger extract at 2% level increased the overall acceptability of spent hen breast meat sausages to that of broiler breast meat sausages.

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The seasonal fluctuation of the spiny bollworm (SBW), Earias insulana (Boisd.), (moths and larvae) was detected on cotton, Gossypium barbadense L., okra, Hibiscus esculentus L. and maize, Zea maize L. at Minia Elkamah district, Sharkia Governorate during 2013 and 2014 seasons. Results revealed that the population of SBW male moths recorded four peaks on cotton and okra each season , the fourth peak appeared the highest numbers on the 2 nd & 3 rd and 3 rd & 4 th weeks of October with 39 & 57 and 45 & 65 moths/trap/week in the two cotton and okra seasons, respectively. While, on maize, the population of moths recorded two peaks with 7&11 and 10&13 moths /trap/ week in first sowing date and one peak with 30 and 40 moths /trap/ week in second sowing date during the two seasons, respectively. The infestation percentage by the SBW larvae was recorded two peaks in cotton at 4 th week and 3 rd week of August and 2 nd and 3 rd weeks of October and three peaks in okra at 4 th and 2 nd week of June, 2 nd week of September and 3 rd week of November; the second peak in cotton (26.0 and 19.0 %) and third peak in okra (33.0 and 37.0 %) were the highest than other during the two seasons, respectively. While, the highest infestation percentage by the SBW larvae which attack maize was recorded in 3 rd week of August with 3.0 and 4.0% and 3 rd week of November with 5.0% in the first and second sowing date during the two seasons, respectively. The infestation by the SBW larvae and the population of SBW male moths captured in sex pheromone traps were highest on okra followed by cotton and maize. The population of SBW moth catches was negatively correlated with mean of temperature and positively correlated with mean of relative humidity in 2013 and 2014 seasons. This study play an important role in determine timing to control of the SBW.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of intercropping and potassium fertilization for maize with cowpea plants on the population density levels of some piercing-sucking insects at Diarb Negm distract in Sharkia Governorate during 2009 and 2010 seasons. The obtained results showed that intercropping system (3:3) maize with cowpea decreased Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Rhopalosiphum padi(L .) , Aphis gossypii (Glover), Empoasca decedens (Paoli), Empoasca decipiens(Paoli) , Cicadulina chinai (Ghauri) and whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). Whereas, increased average numbers of planthopper Sogatella vibix (Haupt) and Sogatella furcifera (Horv.) in both seasons. The results indicate that increased of yield in the solid system but insignificantly with intercropping system (3:3). Data presented clearly that rate of 100 kg of potassium fertilization / fed. gave increased of yield maize with cowpea plants and decreased infestation of sap-sucking insects in both seasons. Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) was the singe primary parasitoid species emerged from Aphis craccivora (Koch.) mummies Also, Diaeretiella rapae (M' Intosh) was the primary parasitoid emerged from R. maidis mummies and Praon sp. was the primary parasitoid emerged from R. padi mummies. The mean percentage of parasitoid were 5.52 ± 2.02 and 4.33 ± 1.58 in (L. fabarum), 1.21 ± 0.43 and 1.71 ± 0.46 (D. rapae) and it were 1.38 ± 0.53 and 1.11 ± 0.35 (Praon sp.) in both seasons respectively. Five predators were associated with these insects on cowpea crop. These predators were Coccinella undecimpunctata (L.), Cydonia vicina isis, Cy. vicina nilotica, Metasyrphus corolla (F.) and Chrysoperla carnae (Steph). Meanwhile three predators were associated with these insects on maize crop. These predators were C. undecimpunctata, M. corolla (F.) and C. carnae.

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