I n der Theorie der Kategorien spielen Graphen als Erzeugendensysteme allgemeiner Strukturen eine grundlegende Rolle. Die bisherigen Definitionen eines Graphen erweisen sich jedoch als in einer fur die Aufdeckung dieser Zusammenhange ungeeigneten Sprache formuliert. Man wird versuchen, den Begriff des Graphen in enger Anlehnung an denjenigen der Kategorie (im Sinne von EHRESMANN [I]) algebraisch zu fassen. In [ 21 wurden derartige Definitionen fur die verschiedenen Typen von Graphen gegeben und bereits einige Zusammenhange zwischen Graphen und Kategorien dargelegt. Ziel dieser und folgender Arbeiten ist es, zunachst die in [2] angegebenen Definitionen und Begriffe zu erweitern und zu prazisieren und danach, auf diesen aufbauend, eine Reihe von Aussagen uber Graphen herzuleiten, die in unmittelbarer Beziehung zur Theorie der Kategorien stehen.
Definitionen gerichteter und ungerichteter GraphenUblicherweise liegt dem Begriff des Graphen der Mengenbegriff zugrunde. Das bedeutet eine Beschrankung im Hinblick auf diejenigen Strukturen, die uber Graphen konstruiert werden. Wir werden daher, um von vornherein die volle Allgemeinheit zu wahren, unter dem Trager eines Graphen stets eine Klasse verstehen. Definition 1 : Ein gerichteter Graph G = ( G ; a , B) ist eine algebraische Struktur vom Typ (1, 1 ) uber dem Triiger G mit den beiden vollstandigen einstelligen VetknZi.pfungen a und b. Babei genugen a und , 3 den folgenden Bedingungen : --c fc (a (4) = fl (a (4) = a (4; a (B (4) = B (B (4) = B (4 (x €GI.Bemerkungen: Jedes Element e aus 01 (G) w ( C ) heil3t ein Eckpulzkt von Nach Definition sind jedem Element x aus G eindeutig zwei Eckpunkte zugeordnet, sein linker Eckpunkt (Anfangspunkt) a (x) und sein i 9*
Presence of recurrent and statistically significant unstable periodic orbits (UPOs) in time series obtained from biological systems are now routinely used as evidence for low dimensional chaos . Extracting accurate dynamical information from the detected UPO trajectories are vital for successful control strategies that either aim to stabilize the system near the fixed point or steer the system away from the periodic orbits. A hybrid UPO detection method from return maps that combines topological recurrence criterion, matrix fit algorithm and stringent criterion for fixed point location gives accurate and statistically significant UPOs even in the presence of significant noise. Geometry of the return map, frequency of UPOs visiting the same trajectory, length of the data set, strength of the noise and degree of nonstationarity affect the efficacy of the proposed method. Results suggest that establishing determinism from unambiguous UPO detection is often possible in short data sets with significant noise, but derived dynamical properties are rarely accurate and adequate for controlling the dynamics around these UPOs. A repeat chaos control experiment on epileptic hippocampal slices through more stringent control strategy and adaptive UPO tracking is reinterpreted in this context through simulation of similar control experiments on an analogous but stochastic computer model of epileptic brain slices. Reproduction of equivalent results suggests that far more stringent criteria are needed for linking apparent success of control in such experiments with possible determinism in the underlying dynamics. Unstable periodic orbits (UPOs) analysis has now become an established tool for detecting determinism in biological systems. If the system is truly deterministic, accurate UPO characteristics can be further used for application of control or anti control strategies with potential medical application. However, accurate biological time series analysis for UPOs critically depend on the length of data set, strength of noise, type of geometry, nonstationarity etc. In this work we show that it is possible to establish determinism through UPO analysis in presence of all these factors. However, the inaccuracy in the measured UPO parameters and non-stationarity nature of biological systems mean only adaptive control strategies are useful for successful chaos control in such systems. At the same time, comparable success of adaptive control strategies on a stochastic neural network model of epileptic slices demand more stringent criteria for linking adaptive control success with determinism.
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