No abstract

Diagnostic tests by molecular biology is made for studying the relations among Fusarium species for linking production of proteins, degree of relationship and occurrence of malformation. Determination of proteins for isolates causing-disease by SDS-PAGE explained there's specific band for each fungus and there are common bands among some isolates of fungi. Since, band with MW 30

Mangiferin (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy xanthone-C2-b-D-glucoside) promoted vegetative growth and exhibited inhibitory role on the occurrence of malformation. Mangiferin changes associated with mango malformation pathogens were followed after inoculated mango seedlings (three years) with malformation pathogens i.e. Fusarium subglutinans, F. sterilihyphosum, F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum. Mangiferin remained at lower level in leaves of malformed shoots as compared to healthy one. The floral malformation was observed to be associated with the reduction of mangiferin. Strong positive correlations between mangiferin activity and malformation incidence were observed. Mangiferin level at panicle initiation may give a possible estimate of malformation incidence in mango.

Eight Fusarium species i.e. F. subglutinans, F. solani, F. oxyspoum, F. sterilihyphosum, F. proliferatum, F. monili-forme, F. avena and F. chlamydspore isolated from mango malformed disease were tested for their ability to cause mango malformation disease and their production of moniliformin and total fumonisins (FB1 + FB2) using HPLC. A evaluated for moniliformin production, seven isolates were toxin producers, the production levels ranging from 0.51 to 8.90 µg/ml. The higher levels were produced by Fusarium subglutinans (8.51 µg/ml). Moderate concentrations of moniliformin was produced by F.moniliforme (6.90 µg/ml), F. oxysporum (6.30 µg/ml), F. proliferatum (4.10 μg/ml) and F. sterilihyphosum (1.10 μg/ml). Separation and identification of Fumonisin that was isolated from the pathogen- causing disease are made by (HPLC). A evaluated for total fumonisin production (FB1 + FB2), seven isolates were toxin producers, the production levels ranging from 0.10 to 8.30 µg/ml. The higher levels were produced by F. monili-forme (8.30 µg/ml. Moderate concentrations of fumonisin was produced by F .proliferatum (0.64 µg/ml) and F. subglutinans (0.50 µg/ml). Strong positive correlations between moniliformin and total fumonisins (FB1 + FB2) activities and malformation disease incidence by F. subglutinans, F. solani, F. oxyspoum, F. sterilihyphosum, F. proliferatum was observed

Reducing bacterial pathogen contamination not only improves overall global public health but also diminishes food waste and loss. The use of lytic bacteriophages (phages) that infect and kill bacteria could be a beneficial tool for suppressing bacterial growth during dairy products storage time. Four Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae) complex isolates which were previously isolated from contaminated dairy products were used to identify lytic phages in wastewater. Phages specific to multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. cloacae complex 6AS1 were isolated from local sewage. Two novel phages vB_EclM-EP1 and vB_EclM-EP2 were identified as myoviral particles and have double-stranded DNA genome. Their host range and lytic capabilities were detected using spot test and efficiency of plating (EOP) against several bacterial isolates. The phages had a latent period of 30 min, and a large burst size of about 100 and 142 PFU/cell for vB_EclM-EP1 and vB_EclM-EP2, respectively. Both phages were viable at pH ranging 5–9 and stable at 70 °C for 60 min. The individual phages and their cocktail preparations (vB_EclM-EP1 and vB_EclM-EP2) reduced and inhibited the growth of E. cloacae complex 6AS1 during challenge test in milk and yogurt samples. These results indicate that the E. cloacae complex-specific phages (vB_EclM-EP1 and vB_EclM-EP2) have a potential application as microbicidal agents in packaged milk and milk derivatives during storage time. In addition, our environment is a rich sources of lytic phages which have potential use in eliminating multidrug-resistant isolates in food industry as well as in biocontrol.