The study of the structure of morbidity or individual nosological groups of diseases involves not only establishing the degree of their prevalence, but also, depending on the methodology of such studies, makes it possible to identify the prevailing clinical and morphological forms, the objectivity of diagnostic algorithms and the effectiveness of therapeutic measures, which makes it possible to assess the state of the solution or another clinical problem, adjust the ways to solve it and improve clinical management and form directions for improving the market for therapeutic agents. The aim of the work was to establish the structure of the types of different clinical and radiological forms of comminuted bone fractures in dogs according to the principles of the international classification AO/ASIF. We performed a clinical and radiological assessment of comminuted fractures of long bones in dogs (n=24) with spontaneous bone injuries admitted to the Interdepartmental Small Animal Clinic of Belotserkovsky NAU, in which 26 comminuted fractures were diagnosed. The main forcing ship fractures were car accidents - 58.4%, alarming world causas unverified creatures of bloodshed - 20.8%, injuries caused by other creatures - 12.5% and 8.3% - falling from height. According to thestate factor, the removal from white grains is 70.8%, and in 62.5% - animal with weight of 11 kg, and in 54.2% - dogs of different breeds, while 45.8% were outbred. Comminuted fractures according to morphosegmental localization were: diaphyseal - 46.2%, metaphyseal - 42.3%, epiphyseal 11.5%. According to the principles of the international classification AO / ASIF, their largest share - 50%, belongs to type C, 46.2% - to type B and the smallest - 3.8%, to the simplest type A. Within the subgroups of the largest - 19.2 %, the proportion for subgroups B1, B2 and C2 turned out to be slightly less - 15.4% for C1 and C3 and very small - 7.8% and 3.8% for B3 and A2, respectively. Consequently, the morphosegmental localization of the typification of the type and complexity of fractures according to the principles of the AO/ASIF classification provides more detailed information, which creates the basis for the proposed choice of the most rational methods and means of osteosynthesis. Key words: osteosynthesis, reparative osteogenesis, femur, tibia, radius, ulna, humerus.

Widespread use of surgical interventions in the abdomen of dogs determines the relevance of the study. The research tested the influence of therapeutic epidural blockade with 0.2% bupivacaine after surgical interventions on the background of potentiated local anaesthesia on the body of clinically healthy dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. In the control group postoperative analgesia was performed with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug rimadyl on the background of potentiated thiopental anaesthesia. Wound healing rates were determined in 10 animals of both control and experimental groups; blood counts and the level of inflammatory response were indicated in 5 animals of each group. The dynamics of reparative processes and complete wound healing in dogs of the experimental group occurred earlier than in animals of the control group, which confirmed the fact that the use of bupivacaine had a beneficial effect on tissue regeneration. The results of morphological and biochemical parameters of blood in animals of the experimental group manifested only an increase of leukocytes by 1.58 times, fibrinogen by 2.02 times, while in dogs of the control group the level of erythrocytes, haemoglobin and hematocrit decreased, leukocytes increased by 1.74 times, platelets decreased by 2.87 times and fibrinogen increased by 1.72 times. Among the stress response markers in the control group there was a 1.94 times increase in glucose level after surgery. In the experimental group there was a decrease in the intensity of the inflammatory reaction in dogs, accompanied by an increase of anti-inflammatory interleukin 4 (IL-4) only on the seventh day – 1.86 times, while in the control group the level of anti-inflammatory interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) after three days increased by 2.30 times, after seven days – by 2.48 times, and the level of proinflammatory interleukin 6 (IL-6) after surgery increased by 2.57 times. It will be promising to conduct further research on the influence of therapeutic blockades with bupivacaine in animals in cases of various surgical interventions and pathological conditions, which will lead to faster recovery of animals and alleviate pathological processes.

The paper deals with the results of investigation inflammation markers level ‒ IL-1-RA (receptor antagonist IL-1), IL-4, IL-6 cows serum, patients with soles ulcers when performing orthopedic hoof treatment with two methods ‒ local treatment, and complex method ‒ local treatment in combination with the of epidural analgesia 0,2% bupivacaine. Therapeutic blockade with local anesthetics make analgesic and pathogenetic therapeutic effects on the animal organism, can be successfully used as a component of postoperative analgesia in surgical treatment. Bupivacaine ‒ local anesthetic can be used for epidural analgesia in the postoperative period with the blocking of sensory fibers without loss of motor function. It makes sense to study using of 0,2% bupivacaine solution in clinical conditions with a therapeutic purpose in surgical diseases of cattle. Determination of the level of interleukins is informative in relation to the study of the course of the inflammation process, the immune status of animals during treatment, and indicates the intensity of regenerative processes in damaged tissues. The purpose of the research is to determine the state of inflammatory response to the level of serum blood cytokines in cows with hoof sole ulcers for two treatment methods ‒ local in animals of the control group and integrated treatment in animals of the experimental group, which included local treatment with the therapeutic bupivacaine epidural blocks. In the control group of animals (n=5), only the local treatment. Animals of the experimental group (n=5), conducted an epidural puncture and catheterization between the last sacral and the first caudal vertebrae. The catheter was left in the epidural space. Bupivacaine injection was performed with an analgesic and therapeutic purpose of 0,2 % solution in terms 3 days. After the first injection of bupivacaine, the hoof sole was cleaned and treated locally. As inflammatory markers, the level of IL-1-RA (IL-1 receptor antagonist), IL-4, IL-6 in serum was studied, since the level of these indicators reflects the state of the pro- and anti-inflammatory system. In the course of the research, the obtained results of the control and experimental groups among themselves were compared, with the baseline data before treatment in each group, as well as with the indicators of clinically healthy cows. We conducted a comparative characteristic of indicators in the application of integrated treatment compared with only local treatment of the site of the lesion. Blood was taken from the tail vein. Stages of research: before orthopedic treatment, after orthopedic treatment in 30 minutes, 3 days, 14 days, 34 days after starting treatment. Blood serum tests were conducted in the Laboratory “Alvis-class”, Kharkiv using the semi-automatic immunoassay analyzer StatFax 303+ (USA). It was found that the use of a complex treatment method is accompanied by a lower level of inflammatory reaction of the body of cows compared with only local treatments. In animals of both groups, the level of IL-1RA significantly did not change throughout the study period, compared with the rates before treatment, but was significantly different in both groups of diseased animals (p <0,05 and p <0,01) from the indicator of healthy animals, which is associated with the presence of chronic inflammatory process ‒ hoof sole ulcers. The level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 in diseased animals prior to treatment did not differ from that of healthy animals. During treatment in animals in the experimental group, this indicator was significantly increased earlier than in the control group, compared with the baseline (p<0,05) and healthy animals (p<0,01), indicating a gradual activation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine and contributed to the tissues regeneration of affected limbs. However, such changes occurred later in the animals of the control group than in the animals of the experimental group. Dynamics of level IL-4 in animals with ulcerous soles is associated with the activation of recovery processes of damaged tissues, which in the experimental group manifested at earlier times than in the control. The content of IL-6 diseased animals, which is the main inducer of the acute phase of inflammation, was significantly higher in both animal groups prior to treatment than in healthy animals. In experimental animals in 3 days the level of IL-6 decreased by 5,3 times, in control ‒ by 3,3 times. After 14 and 34 days in both groups there was a further decrease in the level of IL-6. Considering that IL-6 is the main inducer of the acute phase of inflammation it can be difference in IL-6 level in the animals of the experimental and control groups was due to the effect of the therapeutic epidural blockade of bupivacaine, which increased blood circulation, trophic processes in the limb region, which contributed to accelerating the regeneration of damaged tissues. Key words: hoof sole ulcers, epidural analgesia, bupivacaine, interleukins, IL-1-RA, IL-4, IL-6, cattle.

One of the typical and mandatory reactions of the body to trauma or infectious agents for damage to any tissues and organs is the acute phase reaction, which is an induced increase in the synthesis followed by an increase in the blood and tissues of a number of proteins with immunological, bactericidal, antioxidant and inhibitory functions. The purpose of the study is to determine the levels of cytokines in clinically healthy cows, pigs and dogs, as well as in cows with purulent-necrotic processes of the limbs. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory IL-10 were determined in blood serum of cows, pigs and dogs. Cows with purulent-necrotic lesions of the limbs (n=26) were divided into: 1st group (n=8) – acute form of purulent-necrotic lesions of the distal limbs; 2nd group (n=8) – generalized lesions; group 3 (n=10) – recurrent foci in the area of the fingers. The content of TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-10 interleukins in blood serum was determined by the immunoenzymatic method according to the standard protocol. It was established that the blood levels of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-1ß in clinically healthy cows are significantly lower than anti-inflammatory IL-10, for the ratio of IL-10:TNF-α – 3.3:1, and IL- 10: IL- 1ß - 9.5:1, therefore, for cattle under physiological norms, an inherent anti-inflammatory cytokine profile. In clinically healthy pigs, the anti-inflammatory cytokine profile turned out to be the most pronounced, as the cytokine indices in them were significantly higher: IL-10:TNF-α – 19.4:1; IL-10:IL-1β – 13.9:1. In the blood of clinically healthy dogs, the cytokine indices between IL-10:IL-1ß are extremely low - 1.5:1, TNF-α : IL-1ß - 0.2:1, even lower, and between IL-10:TNF-α - 8.8:1, and therefore the anti-inflammatory cytokine profile is much lower according to the totality of cytokine indices. In cows with an acute form of necrobacteriosis, compared with clinically healthy animals, the level of TNF-α in the blood is 5.6 times higher (Р<0.001), and IL-1ß is 3.4 times higher (Р<0.001), due to their increase index by 1.7 times, up to 4.9:1. Under such conditions, the level of IL-10 increases only 1.8 times (р<0.05). Animals with the generalized form are characterized by a critical increase in the blood level of TNF-α by 16.8 times and IL-1ß by 17.8 times (p <0.001), while the level of IL-10 remains unchanged compared to the acute form. Cytokine index IL-10:TNF-α acquires a critical value - 0.4:1, and IL-10 to IL-1ß - 1:1. In animals with recurrent lesions, low levels of IL-1ß, especially IL-10, are characteristic. However, the concentration of TNF-α remains quite high and exceeds the normal value by 12.6 times (p<0.001). Therefore, various clinical forms of necrobacterial lesions of the limbs in cows have a compensatory or non-compensatory nature of cytokinemia, with an imbalance of the functionality of acute-phase proteins due to the insufficient capacity of the inhibitory potential of sick cows. Key words: cows, pigs, dogs, cytokines, serum, clinically healthy animals, inflammation.

The study of segmental innervation may be of practical interest, as pathological processes involving organs and tissues can be caused by damage to both peripheral and individual segmental nerves. Also, the occurrence of a pathological condition of the pelvic limb structures can be associated with various injuries, damage to the spinal cord, roots and segmental nerves of the sacral spine. The aim of the experimental research was to study the segmental formation of the main nerves of the sacral plexus – n. ischiadicus, n. tibialis, n. peroneus communis in cats. Unilateral extravertebral ganglioectomy of the lumbosacral segments – L 4, L5, L6, L7, S1, S2 was performed for the study. Samples of the main nerves were examined in polarized light to detect signs of Wallerian's degeneration at x400 magnification. This method allows you to easily distinguish degenerated nerve fibers at different stages of degeneration from normal. The micromorphology of the initial stages of degeneration is characterized by uneven thickening of the fibers, smoothing of the Ranvier nodes, dilated Schmidt-Lanterman notches, an increasein the number of myelin segments. At later stages of Wallerian's degeneration, the following are observed: edema and significant thickening of the myelin sheath, smoothing of fiber contours, formation of ovoids and fragmentary glow of myelin. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using Student's t-test. In the course of research, it was found that in the formation of the main nerves of the sacral plexus: n. ischiadicus, n. tibialis, n. peroneus communis involves 6 segments of the lumbosacral spine - from L4 to S2. These nerves of the sacral plexus are polysegmental, which indicates their compensatory properties. The highest percentage of degenerated nerve fibers for the main nerves of the sacral plexus gives the 6th lumbar segment L6, which is the axial nerve. The obtained results can expand the knowledge of principles of segmentation in anatomy, to become a reference point for sacral regional epidural anesthesia for orthopedic operations on the pelvic limbs, nerve blockade to increase patient comfort in the postoperative period, lumbar puncture, neurotherapy. The method of polarization microscopy can be used as a clinically useful test for peripheral nerve biopsy to assess the state of neurodegenerative changes, monitoring regenerative and neuroprotective effects. Key words: Wallerian degeneration, segmental innervation, sacral plexus, polarization microscopy, cats.