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SUMMARY1. The present study investigates the nature and magnitude of the renal response to plasma levels of oxytocin which might be induced by salt loading.2. Increased plasma osmolality induced by loading with NaCl is an effective stimulus for oxytocin release in the unanaesthetized male rat. Plasma oxytocin concentration was positively correlated (r = 0.77) with plasma osmolality. Plasma oxytocin (,uu./ml.) = 0 37 x (plasma osmolality (m-osmole/kg) -297).3. In anaesthetized Long Evans rats intra-atrial administration of oxytocin at rates of 0*05 and 0.15 m-u./ml. produced plasma hormone concentrations (5 + 1 and 16 + 2 ,uu./ml. respectively) within the range induced by salt loading. 6. Plasma ocytocin levels similar to those induced by severe dehydration or salt loading are effective in increasing renal Na+ and Cl-excretion and urine flow. These effects on water and electrolyte excretion appear to be independent of each other and both may be modified by the presence or absence of vasopressin.7. This study provides no evidence for a major role for oxytocin in the day to day regulation of salt or water balance under conditions of normal hydration in the male rat.

SUMMARY1. Recordings were made from a total of 35 antidromically identified neurones in the paraventricular (PV) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of urethane-anaesthetized lactating rats. During recording plasma osmotic pressure was raised by 12 m-osmole/ kg by injection of hypertonic solutions of NaCl, LiCl, or mannitol.2. Nine PV neurones (mean firing rate 4-2 + 1-0 (S.E.) spikes/sec) were classified as oxytocin cells because they gave a burst of activity before reflex milk-ejections. None of these showed a bursting (phasic) firing pattern. Ten PV neurones (mean firing rate 1-8 + 0-2 spikes/sec) fired phasically either before or after injection of hypertonic NaCl and were classified as vasopressin cells. The remaining six PV cells (mean firing rate 1-6 + 0-9 spikes/sec) showed no bursts of firing related to milk ejection and did not fire phasically.3. Increasing plasma osmotic pressure by injection of hypertonic NaCl increased the mean firing rate of PV oxytocin cells to 7-0 + 1-0 spikes/sec. Vasopressin cells in the PV nucleus were much less responsive and the mean firing rate after injection was 2-9 + 0-4 spikes/sec. The third group of PV neurones was unresponsive.4. Plasma oxytocin concentration (determined by radioimmunoassay) increased from 2-1 + 0-3 4au./ml. in the control period to 10-9 + 2-8 Atu./ml. 30 min after i.P.injection of 1 ml. 1-5 m-NaCl and to 14-8 + 2-8 1tu./ml. following injection of a second 1 ml. 1-5 M-NaCl. 5. The responses of oxytocin and vasopressin neurones in the SO nucleus to an increase in plasma osmotic pressure following injections of hypertonic solutions of LiCl or mannitol were similar to those observed when plasma osmotic pressure was raised by NaCl.6. It may be concluded that both oxytocin and vasopressin cells in the neurohypophysical system are responsive to the osmotic pressure of the blood plasma rather than to Na+ or Cl-concentration, that osmotic activation of oxytocin cells releases sufficient oxytocin to increase its plasma concentration, and that there may be a functional difference between the SO and PV nuclei.