Animal experiments remain essential to understand the fundamental mechanisms underpinning malignancy and to discover improved methods to prevent, diagnose and treat cancer. Excellent standards of animal care are fully consistent with the conduct of high quality cancer research. Here we provide updated guidelines on the welfare and use of animals in cancer research. All experiments should incorporate the 3Rs: replacement, reduction and refinement. Focusing on animal welfare, we present recommendations on all aspects of cancer research, including: study design, statistics and pilot studies; choice of tumour models (e.g., genetically engineered, orthotopic and metastatic); therapy (including drugs and radiation); imaging (covering techniques, anaesthesia and restraint); humane endpoints (including tumour burden and site); and publication of best practice.

Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies generated against idiotypic immunoglobulin (Ig) of neoplastic B lymphocytes can be selected from growing hybridoma clones by their ability to recognize idiotypic but not normal IgM. This group of antibodies can be subdivided into those that bind to the target tumor cells in the presence of normal human serum (approximately 85% of the clones) and those in which binding is inhibited by serum (approximately 15%). The former appear to be specific for private idiotypic determinants whereas the latter recognize cross-reacting idiotypic determinants. Such cross-reactivity is reflected both in recognition of a small percentage of normal Ig and also in binding to other lymphomas. The anti-idiotypes specific for private determinants can be used for therapy, with only idiotypic Ig secreted by tumor cells able to block its access to cells. The cross- reacting anti-idiotypes will face in addition the barrier of the proportion of normal Ig with which it reacts. The attraction of using a single monoclonal reagent for more than one patient has led us to develop an assay that measures the level of such blocking and to propose that those recognizing less than 30 micrograms/mL of normal Ig could be placed in a panel for possible therapy for several patients; less restriction need apply to antibodies for monitoring tumor progress. The assay is described, and examples of such antibodies raised against lymphoma cells from two patients are given together with comparisons with them of anti-idiotypes specific for private determinants.