Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease which occurs by the accumulation of inhaled organic and inorganic particles in the pulmonary parenchyma. These particles interfere with the defense mechanisms of the lungs. This study was designed to describe the gross and histopathological features of pneumoconiosis in the lungs and its relation with occurrence of pneumonia in camels. 150 pneumonic and 100 healthy lungs were examined for pneumoconiosis in pathologic level. Macroscopic lesions of pneumoconiotic lungs were related to pneumonia and no remarkable features of pneumoconiosis were observed in the examined tissues. Pneumoconiosis was diagnosed in 43 out of 150 lungs with pneumonic lesions. Grossly healthy lungs did not show pneumoconiosis. Out of 43 pneumoconiotic lungs, 93% (n=40/43) were associated with interstitial pneumonia. Also, pneumoconiosis occurred in 2.32% (n=1/43) and 4.65% (n=2/43) of lungs with suppurative bronchopneumonia and bronchointerstitial pneumonia, respectively. Histopathologic findings related to pneumoconiosis were characterized by varying degrees of diffuse to nodular fibrosis as well as mild to heavy accumulations of mixed carbon and silicon dusts. Interlobular and interalveolar septa of alveoli were thickened by fibrosis and infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells. Crystalline silicon particles were in different shapes including filamentous, oblong and polygonal. Anthraco-silicosis particles were observed inside and outside of macrophages more adjacent to the vessels and bronchioles as well as lymphocytes infiltration. The color of particle aggregations was different from scant gray to brown or dense black, depending on the amount of silicon or carbon dust deposition. In the lungs, areas with prominent deposition of crystalline silica rather than carbon were gray to light brown and focal interstitial fibrosis was occurred. The present study suggests a positive causal relationship between pneumoconiosis and pneumonia. It seems these particles predispose animals to pulmonary diseases especially various type of pneumonia. Keywords: Pneumoconiosis, Pathology, Silicosis, Anthracosis, Camel Tek Hörgüçlü Develerde (Camelus dromedarius) Anrako-silikozisin Akciğerlerdeki Patolojik Bulguları ve Pömoni Oluşumundaki Rolü ÖzetPnömokoniozis pulmoner parankimde solunan organik ve inorganik partiküllerin birikmesi ile oluşan bir akciğer hastalığıdır. Bu partiküller akciğerlerin savunma mekanizmalarını bozarlar. Bu çalışma develerde pnömokoniozisin makroskopik ve histopatolojik özelliklerini tanımlamak ve pnömoni oluşumu ile ilişkisini ortaya koymak maksadıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada 150 pnömonili ve 100 sağlıklı akciğer pnömokoniozis yönünden incelendi. Pnömokoniotik akciğerlerdeki makroskopik lezyonlar pnömoni ile ilişkilendirildi ve incelenen dokularda pnömokoniozisin belirgin hiçbir özelliği gözlemlenmedi. Pnömoni lezyonlu 150 akciğerden 43'ünde pnömokoniozis tespit edildi. Makroskopik olarak sağlıklı akciğerlerde pnömokoniozis gözlemlenmedi. 43 adet pnömokonitik akciğerin %93'ü (n=40/...

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Background: Hemiscorpius lepturus is one of the most dangerous scorpion species, endemic in Khuzestan province. Its venom has hemolytic activity and can lead to hemoglobinuria and death. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of three different time treatment protocols on changes of coagulation parameters in sheep received Hemiscorpius lepturus venom. Materials and Methods: Sixteen healthy male lambs were divided randomly into four groups. Hemiscorpius lepturus venom (0.01 mg/kg of body weight) injected subcutaneously. Blood samples were taken at 30 minutes before and 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 hours after injection. The sheep of group 1 were treated only by injection of Hemiscorpius lepturus venom. In groups 2, 3 and 4 (Experimental groups), treatment of animals began at 1, 24 and 48 hours respectively after the venom injection. In addition to intravenous injection of 5 mL antivenom, supportive therapy was performed as well. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen were measured by commercial kit and platelet (PLT) count was performed by hematology analyzer. All results were statistically analyzed using two way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: In the studied groups, the effect of time on PT and platelets counts was significant (P < 0.05); however, it did not have a significant effect on the amounts of PTT and fibrinogen. No significant statistic difference was found regarding four factors measured between different treatment groups. Interaction of time and treatment groups had significant effect only on the platelet counts (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Hemiscorpius lepturus venom in sheep can cause severe changes in some of the coagulation factors. This should be considered as part of the pathogenesis of scorpion sting and seriously in the treatment protocol of scorpion sting victims.