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Headache related to the cervical spine is often misdiagnosed and treated inadequately because of confusing and varying terminology. Primary headaches such as tension-type headache and migraine are incorrectly categorized as "cervicogenic" merely because of their occipital localization. Cervicogenic headache as described by Sjaastad presents as a unilateral headache of fluctuating intensity increased by movement of the head and typically radiates from occipital to frontal regions. Definition, pathophysiology; differential diagnoses and therapy of cervicogenic headache are demonstrated. Ipsilateral blockades of the C2 root and/or greater occipital nerve allow a differentiation between cervicogenic headache and primary headache syndromes such as migraine or tension-type headache. Neither pharmacological nor surgical or chiropractic procedures lead to a significant improvement or remission of cervicogenic headache. Pains of various anatomical regions possibly join into a common anatomical pathway, then present as cervicogenic headache, which should therefore be understood as a homogeneous but also unspecific pattern of reaction.

Measurements were done on the biceps muscles of 6 healthy volunteers to record simultaneously the surface electromyogram (EMG) and vibromyogram (VMG) by means of a piezoelectric device (accelerometer). The VMG is generated by mechanical waves due to the contraction mechanism and often measured as sound. The frequency spectrum and integrated value (IEMG and IVMG) of both signals were calculated. Both IEMG and IVMG showed a clear linear correlation with force, although at high forces, the variability of the VMG became rather high. Two series of experiments were performed to study the EMG and VMG changes in relation to changes induced by fatigue: (1) during constant force at 50% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and recovery; (2) for one 1 minute during declining force at MVC. The main finding was that the IVMG was related to the absolute force, irrespective of the fatigue state of the muscle. In contrast, the IEMG showed the well-known changes during fatigue, such as an increase during endurance. The spectral changes of the two measurements also showed a divergence. The spectra of the EMG shifted to lower frequencies in both fatigue protocols. In contrast, the spectra of the vibratory signal did not shift, except for several measurements at MVC. However, the shape did change to a somewhat flatter spectrum with less pronounced peaks. Possible explanations for this different behavior are discussed. It is concluded that the vibratory energy generated by the contraction mechanism is linearly related to force. Changes induced by fatigue do not alter this relationship: this contrasts with the behavior of the EMG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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This report WIII prepared an un qccount of work nponeored by an tigency of (he United S(ates Government, Neither tht onimd Stnteu Government nor any qgency thered, nor wry d' their employeen, mnken my wnrr~nty, cxpres: or implied, or nosumes nny legal Iinbility or reoporw+ bllhy for the uccurncy, completenc~a, or uwfulneoa of any inhrmution, nppnrrntua, product, or procewi dincloeed, or reprcnenln that itn UWJwou)d not infringe privnlely owned rightn, Refer. envc herein 10 rnny npcif'ic w)mmerciul product, prucmn, or !mviee by trndc nwrx, trndcmurk, munurnctu~er, or othcrwine does not neeewnrily wmtitute or Imply itn endorsement, rccom. mendution, or fuvormg hy the United SIuIcn (hwcr,.mcnt or nny ngency tbcrod The wewn und opininrtn of authors ckprenned herein do no( neoemnrily ntnte or reflect those of the { Iniwd Staten (kwernmenl or uny nsency Ibereof lIW Lon Alsnvm Nal,onal Labo?alo?v~eauesls mat tho oublmner IdenlItv Itvs amcl~00 work performed undw tho 0U9PIC44et lho U S Deportment of Energy IIMI u! ,, ,,.,, ,aa,,-.. Dimensional Analysis of Nonlinear Oscillations in Brain, Heart and MuscleG. Mayer-Kress **t'n,F. Eugene Yatest, Laurel Bentont, M. Keidel", W. Tirsch", S.J, Poppl", K. Geistti'" AkdJA we p=nt~me numerical studies on the dimensional analysis of temporal oscillations measured in the human electroencephalogram (EEG ), heart rates (HR), and muscle tremor. We show that it is insticient to characterize the individual system by a singledimension value alone. We give some detailed numerical analysis 01'the scaling structure of the attractors reconstructed from the time signal.Our methods are baaed on the concept of local gauge functions which we derive from the raw signals M well aa from the transformed signal obtained from singular value decomposetiokL. We were able to confkm and improve earlier results on the change of dimensiondit y of EEG signals, For heart rates and muscle tremor we obseme significant changes in the dimtwkxmlity aepending on the state of the eystem, We further try to indicate which factora enter dimension estimates and where specific problems lie in each of the examples, q