The plea made many years ago (27) to replace the ill-defined coli-aerogenes (‘coliform’) bacteria as indicator organisms in foods processed for safety with the Enterobacteriaceae which are taxonomically accurately defined and as a rule more abundant has of late been more generally accepted. This called for development of a rigorously standardized formula for violet red bile glucose agar and for assessment of the optimal incubation temperature. Four reference strains of Enterobacteriaceae. 120 samples of minced meat and 100 samples of frozen broiler chickens were used in these studies. Considerable differences in the performance of commercially available dried formulae, when used as poured plates were observed. These applied both to productivity and to the type of colony produced by a given pure culture. As expected, replacement of lactose plus glucose by an equimolar amount of glucose did not influence the performance of the medium. Intrinsic toxicity of some batches of medium to non-stressed Enterobacteriaceae appeared to be mainly responsible for substandard performance. It could be overcome by careful selection of the preparations of crystal violet and particularly the bile salts (39) used in the formulae. Incubation at 30 C led to higher confirmed colony counts in minced meat than at 37 C. However, incubation temperature did not greatly influence similar counts in broiler drip. This observation could be substantiated by identification of the types of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the two commodities. Psychrotrophic species predominated in minced meats, which are often made from raw materials stored for some time under refrigeration, whereas mesophilic species were in the majority on frozen broilers, which are generally frozen shortly after slaughter.

Some selective culture media, prepared from commercially available dried preparations function poorly, and the same applies to an occasional non‐selective culture medium. This calls for systematic monitoring of media before they are used in actual diagnostic work. Classic plating or dilution‐to‐extinction techniques are often found too cumbersome. Hence a simple streaking technique (‘ecometric’ evaluation) was developed earlier for this purpose. It was subsequently simplified further and its accuracy and precision were assessed in this study. After it had been found that the simplified ecometric procedure allowed a reasonably accurate analysis of the selective and productive properties of media, it was used to evaluate 16 selective media, currently used in food microbiology. Results obtained agreed well with observations on the functioning made during routine examination of various foods. Finally an attempt was made to assess whether ecographic inoculation would allow the study of micro‐organisms under repressive conditions, particularly refrigeration temperature. It appeared that this was indeed possible.

The influence of bacteria-free supernatants from cultures of atypical virulent (V234/81, autoagglutinating, A-layer positive) and avirulent (126/68, non-agglutinating, A-layer negative) strains of A. sulmonicidu, obtained after different culture times in yeast-tryptone broth at 20" C, was tested on the PHA response of carp pronephric leucocytes in virro. Supernatants from virulent cultures modulated the response, whereas avirulent supernatants had no effect. The response was enhanced (400%) by supernatant from early virulent cultures (20 h), but severely depressed (~3 % ) by later ones (96 h). The effects were dose-dependent. Inhibitory activity of 96-h supernatant was lost by heating (70" C, 30 min), suggesting that the inhibiting factors are all proteinaceous.Heated 96-h supernatant was as stimulatory as early supernatant. Stimulation of leucocytes also occurred in the absence of PHA with early and heat-treated 96-h supernatants, but at a tenth of the level, suggesting that only stimulated cells (blasts) might respond to the substance(s)present in supernatants. Membrane fragments from virulent and avirulent bacteria, and purified LPS from virulent bacteria, were stimulatory with or without PHA. Endotoxin-free, heat-treated, 96-h culture supernatants were also stimulatory, suggesting that an additional mitogenic factor(s), other than LPS, is present in the supernatants. The modulating in virro effects of extracellular products from A. sulmonicidu might explain the immunosuppression seen during later stages of erythrodermatitis in vivo.

The Remote Experiment Monitoring and Control (REMOT) project objective is to develop a system architecture to allow remote control of scientific experiments and facilities that require real time operation and multimedia information feedback, using available or deploying communications infrastructure. Representatives from two user communities participate in the project: the Astronomical community, which usually has telescopes located at far places -such as islands and/or mountains-and the Plasma Physics community, that is concentrating the experimental facilities in a few places in order to save costs. In this paper we review the underlying networking technologies considered, and summarize the results on the ATM based pilot studies we have carried out in the last two years. Particularly we will present results from experiments on Switched Virtual Circuits (SVC) tunneling and video on ATM.