The goal of this work was to investigate the occurrence of emerging contaminants in drinking water of the city of Campinas, Brazil. Tap water samples were analyzed using SPE-GC-MS for 11 contaminants of recent environmental concern. Six emerging contaminants (stigmasterol, cholesterol, bisphenol A, caffeine, estrone, and 17β-estradiol) were found in the samples. The latter two were detected only during the dry season, with concentrations below quantification limits. Stigmasterol showed the highest average concentration (0.34± 0.13µg L −1 ), followed by cholesterol (0.27±0.07µg L −1 ), caffeine (0.22±0.06µg L −1 ), and bisphenol A (0.16±0.03µg L −1 ). In Campinas, where surface drinking water supplies receive large amounts of raw sewage inputs, the emerging contaminants levels in drinking waters were higher than median values compiled for drinking and finished water samples around the world.

A liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of antibiotics in water was developed and applied to Brazilian surface waters. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefalexin (CEF), ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline (TET), and trimethoprim were selected as target compounds due to their high consumption pattern in Brazil. LC and MS conditions were optimized to produce the maximum analytic response for each compound. Anion exchange and polymeric solid-phase extraction cartridges, in series, were employed during the extraction procedures. Recovery, linear range, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification were calculated. LOD varied from 0.13 ng L(-1) for CIP and NOR to 0.76 ng L(-1) for TET. Surface water samples from the Atibaia watershed (São Paulo State, Brazil) were analyzed. Results showed that seasonal and anthropogenic aspects dictated the levels of antibiotics in the samples. An overall frequency of detection of 55% was observed during the rainy period, whereas a higher percentage (88%) was noticed for samples collected during the dry season. In the Atibaia River, sample concentrations ranged from 29 ng L(-1) for CEF to 0.5 ng L(-1) for NOR. In a sewage-affected stream, however, concentrations up to 2422 ng L(-1) CEF were found.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of some emerging organic compounds in surface freshwater samples collected in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. Ten substances classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals as well as five pharmaceutical drugs were investigated in samples from six individual sampling points in the Atibaia River basin. Samples were submitted to solid phase extraction and the extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Exogenous organic compounds were detected in 83% of the samples. More than one compound, amongst the fifteen, was determined in 66% of the samples. 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, paracetamol (acetaminophen), acetylsalicylic acid, di-n-butyl phthalate, bisphenol A, and caffeine were detected at least once. Higher levels of 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol, bisphenol A, and caffeine were detected in the sampling point located downstream of the city of Campinas, evidencing the contamination in this water body. Finally, it was noticed that during the low precipitation period the concentration of the majority of analyzed compounds increases.

Emerging contaminants have been considered one of the main concerns for ensuring the quality of water around the world. This work presents the results of 10 years of analyses carried out in the state of São Paulo (Brazil) that has the high population density and intense agricultural and industrial activities. In this work 58 compounds (9 hormones, 14 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, 8 industrial compounds, 17 pesticides and 10 illicit drugs) were determined from 2006 to 2015 in 708 samples including raw and treated sewage, surface and ground and drinking waters. A preliminary risk assessment for aquatic life protection identified potential risks for caffeine, paracetamol, diclofenac, 17α-ethynylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, testosterone, triclosan, 4-n-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, atrazine, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, fipronil, imidacloprid, malathion and tebuconazole. Drinking water criteria were available only for 22 compounds and for them no adverse effects were expected at the concentrations found, except for 17β-estradiol.

Este é o primeiro trabalho que relata a ocorrência de resíduos de cocaína (COC) e benzoilecgonina (BE) em amostras coletadas em seis estações de esgoto diferentes (ETE) instaladas no Distrito Federal (DF) do Brasil. As concentrações de BE nos afluentes de esgoto foram utilizadas para calcular o consumo de cocaína (kg ano -1 por 1000 habitantes) em cada uma das regiões atendidas pelas ETE, em duas campanhas de amostragem (março e junho de 2010). Dentre as ETE estudadas, amostras provenientes de Samambaia apresentaram as maiores concentrações (de 3866 a 2477 ng L -1 de BE e 805 a 579 ng L -1 de COC) e doses por habitante (mais de 13 doses habitante -1 por ano). A extrapolação para toda a população do DF indica um consumo anual alcançando 1,0 tonelada de cocaína base livre, ou 1,1 tonelada de cloridrato de cocaína. Este trabalho também aborda a influência da forma de apresentação da cocaína (base livre ou sal cloridrato) e a integração com resultados de perfil químico na busca de estimativas mais realistas, principalmente no que se refere aos pontos de vista da criminalística e da segurança pública. This is the first report on the occurrence of cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE) residues in six samples collected from different wastewater treatment plants (WTP) located in the Brazilian Federal District (FD). Concentrations of BE in the influent sewage were used to calculate cocaine consumption (kg year -1 per 1000 inhabitants) for each region attended by the WTP from two sampling campaigns (March and June, 2010). Among the WTP studied, samples from Samambaia showed higher concentrations (from 3866 to 2477 ng L -1 of BE and 805 to 579 ng L -1 of COC) and doses per inhabitants (more than 13 doses inhabitant -1 per year). The extrapolation to the whole FD population points out to an annual consumption reaching 1.0 ton of free base cocaine, or 1.1 tons of cocaine hydrochloride. The work also addresses the influence of the cocaine presentation form (free base or hydrochloride) and the integration with chemical profiling results in a more realistic estimate, mainly concerning the viewpoints of forensics and law enforcement.