The world's progression towards the Hydrogen economy is facilitating the production of hydrogen from various resources. In the carbon based hydrogen production, Water gas shift reaction is the intermediate step used for hydrogen enrichment and CO reduction in the synthesis gas. This paper makes a critical review of the developments in the modeling approaches of the reaction for use in designing and simulating the water gas shift reactor. Considering the fact that the rate of the reaction is dependent on various parameters including the composition of the catalyst, the active surface and structure of the catalyst, the size of the catalyst, age of the catalyst, its operating temperature and pressure and the composition of the gases, it is difficult to narrow down the expression for the shift reaction. With different authors conducting experiments still to validate the kinetic expressions for the shift reaction, continuous research on different composition and new catalysts are also reported periodically. Moreover the commercial catalyst manufacturers seldom provide information on the catalyst. This makes the task of designers difficult to model the shift reaction. This review provides a consolidated listing of the various important kinetic expressions published for both the high temperature and the low temperature water gas shift reaction along with the details of the catalysts and the operating conditions at which they have been validated.

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Elite indica rice cultivars were cotransformed with genes expressing a rice chitinase (chi11) and a thaumatin-like protein (tlp) conferring resistance to fungal pathogens and a serine-threonine kinase (Xa21) conferring bacterial blight resistance, through particle bombardment, with a view to pyramiding sheath blight and bacterial blight resistance. Molecular analyses of putative transgenic lines by polymerase chain reaction, Southern Blot hybridization, and Western Blotting revealed stable integration and expression of the transgenes in a few independent transgenic lines. Progeny analyses showed the stable inheritance of transgenes to their progeny. Coexpression of chitinase and thaumatin-like protein in the progenies of a transgenic Pusa Basmati1 line revealed an enhanced resistance to the sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani, as compared to that in the lines expressing the individual genes. A transgenic Pusa Basmati1 line pyramided with chi11, tlp, and Xa21 showed an enhanced resistance to both sheath blight and bacterial blight.

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-In this study polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane were prepared with the modifier gelatin at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt % using DMF as solvent by phase inversion process. Morphologies and characteristics of the membranes were investigated through the methods of SEM, XRD, contact angle measurements. The performance of the modified membrane for the treatment of leather and distillery wastewater through a deadend ultrafiltration process was studied. Morphological investigation showed that the 10% gelatin content in 90% PES results in a two layer structure with a porous top and homogeneous sub-layer with uniform number of pores on the surface. The pure water flux of the modified membrane increases with gelatin concentration, which results in better permeation for both leather and distillery wastewater. In addition to 80-90% reduction in BOD and COD, all modified PES UF membranes showed moderate removal of total suspended and dissolved solids, chlorides, sulphate, oil and grease, potassium, sodium and ammonical nitrogen, apart from color removal.