A significant association was observed among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adult cases in Lusaka, Zambia compared with HIV-negative controls for chronic diarrhea (68% versus 22%; P Ͻ 0.05), weight loss (54% versus 30%; P Ͻ 0.05), lymphadenopathy (44% versus 15%; P Ͻ 0.05), and skin eruption (33% versus 7%; P Ͻ 0.05). Among the HIV-positive children, a higher proportion had clinical evidence of tuberculosis when compared with HIV-negative children (8% versus 1%; P Ͻ 0.05). The study demonstrated an association between weight loss in HIV-positive adults and children and chronic diarrhea (odds ratio [OR] ϭ 12.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] ϭ 6.4-25.5; P Ͻ 0.001), persistent cough (OR ϭ 7.2, 95% CI ϭ 2.9-14.5; P Ͻ 0.001), and an age of 31-45 years (OR ϭ 3.8, 95% CI ϭ 1.8-8.3; P Ͻ 0.01). The factors associated with mortality in HIV positive patients included chronic diarrhea (OR ϭ 7.4, 95% CI ϭ 1.6-34; P Ͻ 0.01), and lymphadenopathy (OR ϭ 3.89, 95% CI ϭ 1.2-12.2; P Ͻ 0.04).

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