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We investigated the hydrodynamic flows around tablets during several pharmacopeial dissolution tests: the rotating basket (RB), paddle (PD), flow-through cell (FT), and disintegration (DI) tests. The determination of hydrodynamic flow was based on the dissolution rate of United States Pharmacopeial salicylic acid nondisintegrating calibrators, and showed that, compared with the PD and RB methods, the FT method produced a lower hydrodynamic flow value whereas the DI method produced a higher value. The hydrodynamic flows during the PD and RB tests appeared to be similar at the same rotational speed, although the flow patterns around the tablet differed; with the RB method, homogeneous dissolution occurred from all surfaces of the tablet, while with the PD method, dissolution from the lower surface was slower. The use of a sinker seemed to enhance dissolution from the lower surface. Such differences in hydrodynamic flow could explain the apparently different dissolution behaviors of disintegrating prednisone and nondisintegrating acetaminophen tablets when assessed by the PD and RB methods. These differences in hydrodynamic flow between in vitro tests should be considered when choosing dissolution tests for studying in vitro/in vivo relationships and for quality control purposes.

We have fabricated Pd nanoparticles (NPs) with clean surface and revealed the adsorption reaction of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) on Pd NPs/Ni(111) surface depending on the amount of deposited Pd NPs using in-situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). As a result of XPS, DMS does not decompose on Ni(111) and bulk Pd surface. However, DMS dissociates into methanethiolate (MT; CH3S-) and atomic S on Pd NPs/Ni(111). It is found that the activity of Pd NPs surface is higher than that of bulk Pd surface.

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