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Salacia macrosperma Wight. -a potent medicinal plant facing the verge of rare and endemic status to the Western Ghat of southern India. Effective protocol has been established for induction of callus and multiple shoot regeneration using leaf and nodal explants on MS medium fortified with various plant growth regulators like 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), benzyl amino purine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ), Indole acetic acid (IAA), Kinetin (Kn), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole butyric acid (IBA). Leaf explants produced more calli (98.33%) than nodal explants at 2.5 + 1.5 mg L -1 of 2, 4-D and BAP in combination. MS medium with 1.5 mg L -1 of 2, 4-D, 2.0 mg L -1 of BAP and 1.5 mg L -1 of TDZ along with 1% activated charcoal was apt for multiple shoot regenerations (93.33%) from nodal explants with embryogenic callus. Rhizogenesis was achieved in liquid MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L -1 of IAA. Friable callus when agitated in liquid MS medium at 100 rpm embryogenic callus followed by morphological changes were observed. Cytogenetic variations such as multinucleate, multinucleolate, cytodifferentiation, chromosomal bridges were noticed, besides normal dividing stages. Anatomical features were observed by microtome sections of the embryogenic callus revealed the presence of active centers, embryoids, and shoot bud formation. Further, by scanning electron micrograph (SEM) analysis of embryogenic callus different stages of morphogenic developmental features were recorded.

The work is undertaken to evaluate the preliminary phytochemicals, antibacterial and antioxidants activity of Cochlospermum religiosum leaf extracts with three solvents via chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol based on polarity index. The antibacterial activity was assessed against five bacterial pathogens like Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by well diffusion assay. Among the tested pathogens, the maximum zone of inhibition was observed against E. coli (26 mm) followed by P. aeruginosa (23 mm) in ethyl acetate extracts compare to other solvent extracts. Phytochemical analysis also revealed the presence of various pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites like alkaloids, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, sterols, etc. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH scavenging, total phenolic and phosphomolybdenum method. In DPPH assay, ethyl acetate extract was found to be the most effective. Similarly, total phenols and phospho-molybdenum assay the methanol extracts was found to contained good sources of antioxidants. The outcomes of the present study specified the plant possess various potentially active secondary metabolites which help for the developing pharmaceuticals, especially antioxidant and antimicrobial drugs.

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